Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk
Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk

October 2026

GS2 · Polity, governance and international relations

  1. Thursday 1 October · Environment/Economy

    Cabinet approves Green Energy Corridor Phase-III with ₹1.86 lakh crore outlay and 50-GWh battery storage

    The Union Cabinet approved GEC-III to evacuate up to 135 GW of renewable power by 2032-33 while adding large-scale battery storage for grid flexibility.

    • Green Energy Corridor Phase-III was approved by the Union Cabinet on 30 September 2026 for completion by financial year 2032-33.
    • The Phase-III outlay is ₹1,86,405 crore, including ₹1,36,378 crore for intra-state transmission systems.
    • The scheme includes 50 GWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems and aims to evacuate up to 135 GW renewable energy.

    GS-IIGS-III

  2. Thursday 1 October · Economy and Environment

    Government notifies CAFE-III norms requiring 16.7% improvement in passenger-vehicle fuel efficiency by 2031–32

    The new fleet-average standards link automobile regulation with energy security, lower fuel consumption, cleaner mobility and the EV-hybrid transition.

    • CAFE-III applies to new passenger vehicles manufactured or imported for Indian sale from 1 April 2027 to 31 March 2032. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2316792&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The fuel-consumption benchmark declines from 3.996 to 3.3273 litres per 100 kilometres between 2027–28 and 2031–32. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2316792&lang=2&reg=48))
    • CAFE standards were first notified for passenger cars in 2017 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. ([udit.beeindia.gov.in](https://udit.beeindia.gov.in/cafe/?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  3. Friday 2 October · International Relations

    India’s SCO national coordinator visits Islamabad and flags connectivity, transit and trade cooperation

    At the SCO national coordinators’ meeting, India highlighted regional connectivity and trade despite strained India–Pakistan relations.

    • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was established in 2001 and India became a full member in 2017.
    • Pakistan holds the SCO chairmanship for 2026–27 under the theme “Turning Vision into Action: Connectivity, Innovation and Shared Prosperity.”
    • The SCO national coordinators’ meeting was held in Islamabad from 28–30 September 2026 under Pakistan’s chairmanship.

    GS-II

  4. Friday 2 October · Internal Security and Social Issues

    India unveils 2026–2029 drug-control roadmap after ₹3,000-crore narcotics seizure in the Arabian Sea

    A joint operation seized 526 kg of heroin and methamphetamine from an Iranian dhow in India’s EEZ and led to the arrest of five Pakistani nationals.

    • The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in 1985 and is administered through the Department of Revenue.
    • The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and Other Maritime Zones Act was enacted in 1976.
    • The Indian Coast Guard, Gujarat Anti-Terrorism Squad and central intelligence agencies jointly conducted the 2026 operation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  5. Friday 2 October · Economy

    September GST collections cross ₹2 lakh crore, rising 14.7% year-on-year

    India’s gross GST revenue reached ₹2.04 lakh crore in September 2026, indicating sustained tax buoyancy and formalisation of economic activity.

    • Gross GST collections reached ₹2,03,521 crore in September 2026, rising 14.7% from ₹1,77,365 crore in September 2025. ([hindustantimes.com](https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gst-collections-cross-rs-2-lakh-crore-in-september-rise-147-101790867120033-amp.html?utm_source=openai))
    • Net GST revenue after refunds rose 18.1% to ₹1,76,520 crore in September 2026. ([bnkcapital.com](https://www.bnkcapital.com/ajaxPages/HomeNewsPopGlobal.aspx?NewsID=&SecId=5&SubSecID=23%2C24%2C25%2C26%2C36%2C43%2C44%2C49&utm_source=openai))
    • Domestic GST revenue grew 10.1% to ₹1,37,996 crore, while import-linked GST rose 25.9% to ₹65,525 crore. ([bnkcapital.com](https://www.bnkcapital.com/ajaxPages/HomeNewsPopGlobal.aspx?NewsID=&SecId=5&SubSecID=23%2C24%2C25%2C26%2C36%2C43%2C44%2C49&utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  6. Friday 2 October · Polity

    Supreme Court declines recall plea in challenge to law governing CEC and Election Commissioners’ appointments

    The Supreme Court declined to entertain a recall application concerning its split verdict on whether the challenge to the 2023 appointments law should go before a Constitution Bench.

    • Article 324 vests the Election Commission with superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, state legislatures, President and Vice-President.
    • The 2023 Act creates a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by him, and the Leader of Opposition.
    • The 2023 Act provides for a Search Committee headed by the Law Minister to prepare a panel of five persons.

    GS-II

  7. Saturday 3 October · International Relations and Economy

    India backs WTO-compliant action against trade distortions at G20 Trade Ministers’ Meeting

    At the Milwaukee G20 meeting, India opposed presumption-based trade barriers and supported rules-based measures, food security and policy space for developing countries.

    • The G20 Trade Ministers’ Meeting was held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, under the United States Presidency in October 2026.
    • The Most-Favoured-Nation principle generally requires equal treatment among trading partners under the World Trade Organization system.
    • The 2013 Bali Ministerial Decision created an interim protection mechanism for specified public-stockholding programmes.

    GS-IIGS-III

  8. Saturday 3 October · Environment, Energy and Rural Economy

    Government launches ₹23,731-crore GOBARdhan scheme to scale up compressed biogas production

    The ten-year central-sector scheme integrates assured offtake, stable pricing, capital assistance and digital governance to expand CBG and promote a circular bioeconomy.

    • GOBARdhan is a central-sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for financial years 2026–27 to 2035–36. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2317937&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The scheme targets nearly tenfold growth in domestic compressed biogas production to around 5 MMSCMD. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2317937&lang=1&reg=3))
    • CBG procurement obligation is 3% in 2026–27, 4% in 2027–28 and 5% from 2028–29 onwards. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2317937&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IIGS-III

  9. Saturday 3 October · Polity

    Uttarakhand publishes final electoral roll after SIR; ECI orders fresh verification of missing voters

    The final roll lists 71,58,949 electors—about 8.02 lakh fewer than before the revision—while Booth Level Officers must identify eligible voters omitted during the process.

    • Uttarakhand’s final electoral roll published on October 3, 2026 contains 71,58,949 electors, according to the Chief Electoral Officer’s office.
    • The final roll includes 37,37,701 men, 34,21,036 women and 212 third-gender electors; it covers 12,543 polling stations.
    • The pre-SIR electorate was 79,60,762 on June 8, 2026, leaving the final roll about 8.02 lakh lower.

    GS-II

  10. Saturday 3 October · Environment

    Over 2,500 trees found girdled inside Chhattisgarh’s Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

    Forest officials have detected extensive girdling of Sal, Bija and Tendu trees, with satellite imagery indicating major habitat degradation linked to alleged encroachment.

    • Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve was notified in 2009 and has 851.09 square kilometres of core area. ([ntca.gov.in](https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/?utm_source=openai))
    • The reserve covers 1,842.54 square kilometres: 851.09 core and 991.45 buffer, according to National Tiger Conservation Authority data. ([ntca.gov.in](https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/?utm_source=openai))
    • Girdling means removing bark around a tree, interrupting nutrient movement and gradually causing death. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-udanti-sitanadi-tiger-reserve-tree-girdling-encroachment-10905019/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  11. Sunday 4 October · Society

    India records 3,832 new child leprosy cases in 2025–26, putting 2027 transmission target under pressure

    New National Leprosy Eradication Programme data show continuing transmission and delayed detection despite India’s district-level interruption target for 2027.

    • National Leprosy Eradication Programme was launched in 1983 after restructuring the National Leprosy Control Programme.
    • India achieved national-level leprosy elimination in December 2005, defined as prevalence below one case per 10,000 population.
    • India recorded 91,783 new leprosy cases during April 2025–March 2026, according to the latest programme data.

    GS-IIGS-III

  12. Sunday 4 October · Economy

    GST Council to consider removing arrest powers under the GST regime on October 7

    The proposal seeks to decriminalise GST offences and address concerns over excessive tax-authority powers, but would require legislative amendments if approved. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/business/arrest-powers-gst-regime-tax-authorities-10905662/?utm_source=openai))

    • GST was rolled out in July 2017 as a unified indirect-tax framework administered jointly by the Centre and states.
    • Section 69 of the CGST Act permits arrest after the Commissioner records reasons to believe and authorises a central-tax officer.
    • Central GST formations recorded 887 arrests in 72,393 GST-offence cases during 2021–22 to 2024–25.

    GS-IIGS-III

  13. Sunday 4 October · International Relations

    India rescues five seafarers after Kuwait-flagged tanker is hit by a projectile in the Strait of Hormuz

    The rescue highlights India’s growing maritime-security and consular responsibilities amid escalating risks to commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf. ([moneycontrol.com](https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-reaffirms-seafarer-safety-commitment-after-five-indians-rescued-from-tanker-in-hormuz-14043939.html?utm_source=openai))

    • The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and lies between Iran and Oman-related waters.
    • The United States Energy Information Administration recorded 20.7 million barrels per day through Hormuz in 2024.
    • The Strait of Hormuz carried about one-fifth of global liquefied natural gas trade in 2024, according to the EIA.

    GS-IIGS-III

  14. Monday 5 October · International Relations

    India says it has moved beyond advocacy and is engaging Russia and Ukraine on practical peace measures

    External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said India is speaking to both Moscow and Kyiv on Black Sea shipping, grain and energy exports, and possible non-attack arrangements.

    • External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar disclosed India’s expanded Russia-Ukraine engagement at the Munich Leaders Meeting in New Delhi on October 4, 2026.
    • India said discussions cover Black Sea shipping safety, grain exports, energy exports and possible non-attack arrangements.
    • The Russia-Ukraine war began with Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022; the wider conflict predates that invasion.

    GS-II

  15. Monday 5 October · International Relations, Economy and Infrastructure

    India flags off first Dibrugarh–Dhaka international cargo voyage via Brahmaputra and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route

    A 540-tonne methanol consignment from Assam was dispatched through National Waterway-2, strengthening Northeast connectivity and India-Bangladesh inland-waterway trade.

    • National Waterway-2 is the 891-kilometre Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra, declared on 1 September 1988.
    • The Inland Waterways Authority of India was created under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
    • The India-Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade originated in 1972 and enables designated cross-border inland routes.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  16. Tuesday 6 October · Polity

    Supreme Court says it never approved modified Form 6 and seeks ECI records on who changed the voter-enrolment form

    The CJI-led bench issued notice to the Election Commission amid allegations that SIR-related changes were introduced without collective approval of all Election Commissioners.

    • Form 6 is used by an eligible citizen to apply for inclusion in the electoral roll as a new voter.
    • The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 prescribe the framework and forms used for electoral-roll registration.
    • Article 324 places supervision, direction and control of elections in the Election Commission of India.

    GS-II

  17. Tuesday 6 October · International Relations / Science & Technology

    India and Switzerland deepen strategic science-and-technology partnership, with Bern earmarking CHF 45 million for research cooperation

    The partnership expands collaboration in AI, quantum technology, biotechnology, space and deep-ocean research through a strengthened Indo-Swiss research framework and joint institutional mechanisms.

    • The India–Switzerland bilateral Science and Technology Agreement was signed in 2003, beginning more than two decades of cooperation.
    • Switzerland earmarked CHF 45 million for strengthening the Indo-Swiss research partnership in October 2026.
    • The Indo-Swiss Research Framework aims to shift cooperation from isolated projects towards strategic, system-level collaboration.

    GS-IIGS-III

  18. Wednesday 7 October · Economy and Infrastructure

    Cabinet approves Integrated Transport & Logistics Authority to coordinate multimodal infrastructure planning

    The Union Cabinet approved ITLA as an apex institutional mechanism for integrated transport planning, project appraisal, monitoring and logistics-sector data analytics.

    • The Union Cabinet approved ITLA as a Special Purpose Vehicle on 6 October 2026, according to the Press Information Bureau.
    • ITLA will technically appraise Government of India infrastructure projects costing ₹500 crore or more; financial appraisal remains separate.
    • The proposed National Transport Master Plan will have a planning horizon of ten years or more and cover multiple transport modes.

    GS-IIGS-III

  19. Wednesday 7 October · Polity and Environment

    Supreme Court declines to halt proceedings challenging Great Nicobar project over alleged tribal-rights and environmental violations

    The Court allowed the Calcutta High Court proceedings to continue, stressing that preservation of indigenous culture is constitutionally protected.

    • The Great Nicobar Project is proposed in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, near important East-West maritime shipping routes.
    • The project includes a transhipment port, greenfield airport, power infrastructure, roads and an urban township.
    • The Union government granted in-principle approval for diversion of 130.75 square kilometres of forest land in October 2022.

    GS-IIGS-III

  20. Monday 12 October · International Relations and Maritime Security

    India condemns October 11 attacks on commercial vessels near Strait of Hormuz; two Indian seafarers missing

    New Delhi condemned attacks on MT Petro Dolphin and MT Valthera after a drone strike and projectile hit endangered Indian crews and intensified concerns over maritime security and energy routes.

    • The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, lying between Iran and Oman.
    • MT Petro Dolphin carried 11 Indian seafarers; nine were rescued and two remained missing after the reported drone attack.
    • MT Valthera was reported as a Marshall Islands-flagged tanker carrying 11 Indian crew members.

    GS-IIGS-III

  21. Monday 12 October · Polity

    Supreme Court orders protection of peaceful assemblies and normalisation of Delhi transport services amid protest curbs

    In a special hearing, the Court directed authorities to avoid illegal detention of peaceful protesters and to keep metro and railway services functioning normally unless justified by public-order concerns.

    • Article 19(1)(b) guarantees citizens the right to assemble peaceably and without arms, subject to public-order restrictions.
    • Article 19(1)(d) protects free movement throughout India, subject to restrictions authorised by Article 19(5).
    • Section 163 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 replaced the familiar Section 144 framework of the earlier criminal procedure law.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  22. Tuesday 13 October · International Relations and Defence

    Exercise Tarang Shakti 2026 concludes with participation from seven partner air forces

    India’s second multinational air exercise concluded at Jodhpur, strengthening interoperability, defence diplomacy and aerospace cooperation.

    • Tarang Shakti 2026 was hosted by the Indian Air Force at Air Force Station Jodhpur from 26 September to 12 October 2026.
    • Australia, Bangladesh, France, Germany, Sri Lanka, the United Arab Emirates and the United States were Friendly Foreign Countries in 2026.
    • The second edition built on the inaugural Tarang Shakti exercise conducted in 2024, according to the Ministry of Defence.

    GS-IIGS-III

  23. Wednesday 14 October · International Relations

    First BIMSTEC Home Ministers’ Meeting adopts Delhi Declaration on regional security cooperation

    India hosted the first BIMSTEC Home Ministers’ Meeting in New Delhi, resulting in a Delhi Declaration focused on terrorism, organised crime, narcotics, cybercrime and human trafficking.

    • BIMSTEC was established through the Bangkok Declaration on 6 June 1997, initially involving Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
    • Myanmar joined BIMSTEC in December 1997, while Nepal and Bhutan joined in 2004, completing the present seven-member grouping.
    • The BIMSTEC Secretariat was established in Dhaka in 2014 after a decision at the Third BIMSTEC Summit.

    GS-IIGS-III

  24. Wednesday 14 October · International Relations and Economy

    India and Canada reaffirm strategic partnership and aim to conclude CEPA negotiations at the earliest

    Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Mark Carney agreed to deepen India–Canada cooperation in trade, energy, technology, security and people-to-people ties while pursuing a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.

    • India and Canada formally designated their bilateral relationship as a Strategic Partnership in 2018. ([international.gc.ca](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/india-inde/relations.aspx?lang=eng))
    • On 13 October 2026, Modi and Carney reaffirmed early conclusion of CEPA negotiations and support for doubling two-way trade by 2030. ([pm.gc.ca](https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/readouts/2026/10/13/prime-minister-carney-speaks-prime-minister-india-narendra-modi))
    • India–Canada merchandise trade reached 10.9 billion Canadian dollars in 2025: 3.9 billion exports and 7.0 billion imports for Canada. ([international.gc.ca](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/india-inde/relations.aspx?lang=eng))

    GS-IIGS-III

  25. Wednesday 14 October · Economy

    CCEA approves Fairfax-led acquisition of 60.72% stake in IDBI Bank for ₹52,878 crore

    The government selected Canada Inc., backed by Fairfax Financial Holdings, as strategic buyer for its and LIC’s combined 60.72% stake in IDBI Bank.

    • IDBI Bank’s approved strategic buyer is 10955230 Canada Inc., whose parent entity is Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. (PIB, 2026).
    • The transaction covers 60.72%: 30.48% held by Government of India and 30.24% held by LIC.
    • The purchase consideration is ₹52,878.0806181 crore, based on a winning offer of ₹81 per share.

    GS-IIGS-III

  26. Wednesday 14 October · Society

    Cabinet renames and expands National Social Assistance Programme with ₹53,428-crore five-year outlay

    The Union Cabinet extended the programme through 2030-31 and lowered the benchmark-disability threshold for disability pensions from 80% to 40%.

    • National Social Assistance Programme was launched on 15 August 1995 to assist poor households facing specified social vulnerabilities.
    • The programme continues from 2026-27 to 2030-31 with a total approved outlay of ₹53,428 crore.
    • The approved new name is Pradhan Mantri Samajik Sahayata Yojana; components also receive new names.

    GS-IGS-II

  27. Thursday 15 October · Science & Technology / Economy / Environment

    NITI Aayog releases Data Centre Evaluation Framework, asking States to assess power, water and environmental sustainability before approvals

    The framework seeks to align India’s rapidly expanding AI and data-centre infrastructure with resource availability, measurable public value and environmental safeguards.

    • NITI Aayog’s Frontier Tech Hub published the Data Centre Evaluation Framework on October 14, 2026.
    • The framework assesses five pillars: power and energy; water and cooling; siting and environment; economic value; and governance.
    • States are advised to assess the complete planned campus, expansion needs and cumulative load at the surrounding infrastructure node.

    GS-IIGS-III

  28. Thursday 15 October · Environment / International Relations / Blue Economy

    Cabinet approves India’s accession to the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement, expanding high-seas fishing and governance rights

    India’s accession to SIOFA will provide authorised access to high-value non-migratory marine resources while strengthening its role in sustainable fisheries governance and maritime security.

    • SIOFA was signed in Rome in 2006 and entered into force on 21 June 2012 under its multilateral fisheries framework.
    • SIOFA covers fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other sedentary resources, excluding highly migratory species and coastal-State resources.
    • India became a Cooperating Non-Contracting Party to SIOFA in 2022 and received Cabinet approval for accession in October 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  29. Friday 16 October · Polity, Governance and Infrastructure

    India inaugurates ₹3,350-crore connectivity, power and water projects in Ladakh

    New infrastructure in Ladakh combines strategic connectivity, renewable-energy-linked development, water security and tourism-oriented regional growth.

    • The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature, comprising Leh and Kargil districts. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15875/1/the_jammu_and_kashmir_reorganisation_act_2019.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The Act provides for Ladakh’s administration through a Lieutenant Governor under Articles 239 and 240 of the Constitution. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15242/1/re-organisation_act%2C2019.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Airport terminal in Leh costs about ₹650 crore and targets annual passenger handling of 35 lakh. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2323795&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  30. Friday 16 October · Economy

    National Strategic Trade Command Centre launched to strengthen data-driven export governance

    The Commerce Ministry has launched the NSTCC to integrate trade data, regulatory approvals and export intelligence for faster policy decisions and market diversification.

    • NSTCC was launched by Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal at Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi, on 15 October 2026.
    • NSTCC is developed by the Department of Commerce under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and uses existing DGFT systems.
    • Initial NSTCC dashboards cover IEC, Advance Authorisation, EPCG, CoO, SCOMET and restricted imports and exports.

    GS-IIGS-III

  31. Friday 16 October · International Relations and Defence

    Indian Navy completes its maiden command of Combined Task Force 154 under the Combined Maritime Forces

    India has completed an eight-month command of the CMF’s multinational maritime-training task force, strengthening its role in regional maritime security and capacity building.

    • Combined Task Force 154 was established in May 2023 as the Combined Maritime Forces’ dedicated multinational maritime-training task force.
    • India joined the Combined Maritime Forces as an Associate Partner in 2022 and became a full member in 2023.
    • India assumed command of Combined Task Force 154 on 11 February 2026, its first command of a CMF task force.

    GS-IIGS-III

  32. Sunday 18 October · Polity, Society and Digital Governance

    Supreme Court recognises children’s fundamental right to internet access and orders national database to remove child sexual-abuse material

    In its October 15, 2026 judgment, the Court rejected blanket internet bans for children while directing stronger, proportionate digital-safety safeguards.

    • The Supreme Court recognised internet access for children as a fundamental right under Article 21 read with Article 19(1)(a) in 2026.
    • Just Rights for Children Alliance v. S. Harish and Others was decided on October 15, 2026, by Justices J.B. Pardiwala and K. Vinod Chandran.
    • The Court directed creation of a National Hash and URL List Database exclusively for verified child sexual abuse material.

    GS-IIGS-IIIGS-IV

  33. Sunday 18 October · Economy, Public Health and Pharmaceutical Regulation

    NPPA caps trade margins at 30% for 137 non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs; revised prices effective November 9, 2026

    The move seeks to curb excessive mark-ups and reduce the maximum retail prices of several costly cancer medicines by up to 70%.

    • The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority is under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
    • Trade Margin Rationalisation covers 137 identified non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs under Paragraph 19 of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013.
    • The revised prices for the 137 covered medicines become effective on November 9, 2026, according to the October 17, 2026 notification.

    GS-IIGS-III

  34. Monday 19 October · Society and Social Justice

    Supreme Court warns States and UTs of contempt action over non-compliance with menstrual-health ruling

    The Court granted one final opportunity to submit implementation reports, warning that chief secretaries may face contempt proceedings.

    • The Supreme Court recognised menstrual health and hygiene as facets of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 in 2026.
    • Dr. Jaya Thakur v. Government of India was decided on January 30, 2026, in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1000 of 2022.
    • The directions cover government and privately managed schools in both urban and rural areas, according to the Supreme Court judgment.

    GS-II

  35. Monday 19 October · Polity and Governance

    Supreme Court declares Tamil Nadu transfer of temple land to State government through gift deed illegal

    The Court held that the State, as custodian of religious endowments, cannot acquire ownership of temple property for administrative projects through a gift deed.

    • K. Ramalingam v. Government of Tamil Nadu was decided by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2026.
    • The disputed property belonged to Nagapalayam Mariamman-Ponnachiamman Temple in Kodumudi village, Erode district, Tamil Nadu.
    • The 2017 deed transferred 1 acre and 10 cents of temple inam land for constructing a taluk office.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-IV

  36. Tuesday 20 October · Economy and International Relations

    India–New Zealand FTA enters into force, providing duty-free access and a USD 20-billion investment pathway

    The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement became operational on October 20, 2026, strengthening India’s Indo-Pacific economic engagement and export opportunities.

    • The India–New Zealand FTA entered into force on 20 October 2026 after signing on 27 April 2026.
    • Formal India–New Zealand FTA negotiations began on 16 March 2025 and concluded on 22 December 2025.
    • New Zealand committed to facilitate USD 20 billion investment into India over a 15-year period.

    GS-IIGS-III

  37. Tuesday 20 October · International Relations and Energy

    India and Saudi Arabia review proposed electricity-grid interconnection amid rising renewable and data-centre demand

    India and Saudi Arabia reviewed progress on a proposed cross-border power link, expanding their strategic partnership into electricity trade, grid resilience and clean-energy cooperation.

    • The India–Saudi Arabia electricity interconnection review meeting was held virtually on October 19, 2026, according to the Ministry of Power.
    • India’s Power Secretary Pankaj Agarwal met Saudi Arabia’s Assistant Minister of Energy for Electricity Affairs Nasser Al-Qahtani.
    • The October 8, 2023 India–Saudi Arabia MoU covered electrical interconnection, green hydrogen and clean-energy supply chains.

    GS-IIGS-III

  38. Wednesday 21 October · Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth

    UDAN completes a decade as Modified UDAN expands regional aviation infrastructure

    The government marked ten years of UDAN with new performance data and highlighted Modified UDAN’s focus on sustainable operations, remote connectivity and indigenous aviation capacity.

    • UDAN means Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik and was launched on 21 October 2016 under the National Civil Aviation Policy.
    • The first RCS-UDAN flight operated between Shimla and Delhi in April 2017, after the scheme’s 2016 launch.
    • By October 2026, UDAN had operationalised 687 routes and 95 aerodromes, including 17 heliports and two water aerodromes.

    GS-IIGS-III

  39. Thursday 22 October · International Relations and Economy

    India–US trade talks move closer to conclusion as Rubio and Jaishankar discuss tariffs, energy and technology in Mumbai

    US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said India and the US are very close to finalising a trade agreement after talks covering trade, energy, technology, defence and regional security.

    • Marco Rubio visited India from October 20–22, 2026, and held Mumbai talks with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar.
    • The United States imposed tariffs of up to 50% on most Indian goods in August 2025, according to Associated Press reporting.
    • A February framework reduced the reported tariff rate to 18%, but negotiations subsequently stalled.

    GS-IIGS-III

  40. Thursday 22 October · International Relations, Economy and Science & Technology

    China announces export controls on tunnel-boring machines and adjusts dredger-related controls, effective November 18

    China will regulate exports of tunnel-boring machines and modify controls on dredger-related items, highlighting the strategic use of industrial technology and supply-chain leverage.

    • China announced the tunnel-boring machine controls on October 19, 2026; implementation is scheduled for November 18, 2026. ([ujiyari.com](https://ujiyari.com/daily/2026/10/20/china-export-controls-tunnel-boring-machines-india/?utm_source=openai))
    • The measure covers complete machines, major components and related remanufacturing technology, not merely finished tunnel-boring machines. ([tunnellingjournal.com](https://tunnellingjournal.com/china-introduces-export-controls-on-tbms/?utm_source=openai))
    • Exports to sensitive countries or regions involved in disputes with China require licences; the announcement names no specific country. ([tunnellingjournal.com](https://tunnellingjournal.com/china-introduces-export-controls-on-tbms/?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  41. Friday 23 October · International Relations

    India and Poland agree to double bilateral trade by 2030 and propose a Defence Industry Dialogue

    During Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s October 21–23 visit, India and Poland expanded cooperation in defence, space, AI, semiconductors, critical minerals and resilient supply chains.

    • Prime Minister Donald Tusk visited India from 21–23 October 2026 at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
    • India and Poland elevated their bilateral relationship to a Strategic Partnership during Prime Minister Modi’s Poland visit in August 2024.
    • The proposed Defence Industry Dialogue covers business engagement, technology partnerships, co-development and co-production.

    GS-IIGS-III

  42. Friday 23 October · Environment

    UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report 2026 launch warns that crossing 1.5°C is unavoidable without an unprecedented emissions push

    The latest UNEP assessment says the world must minimise the duration of 1.5°C overshoot and rapidly scale up mitigation, carbon removal and clean-energy policies.

    • UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report 2026 is titled The Point of Return and was issued in October 2026.
    • The lowest-overshoot pathway requires global emissions to fall 18% by 2030 from 2025 levels.
    • The same pathway requires emissions reductions of 45% by 2035 and 69% by 2040 from 2025 levels.

    GS-IIGS-III

  43. Saturday 24 October · Science & Technology

    C-DAC and Bank of India sign MoU to develop quantum-safe technologies for banking

    The partnership will develop indigenous quantum, AI, blockchain and cybersecurity applications for secure and resilient financial services.

    • C-DAC is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, according to the 2026 PIB release.
    • The C-DAC–Bank of India MoU was signed on 22 October 2026 and announced by PIB on 23 October 2026.
    • The National Quantum Mission was approved in April 2023 with ₹6,003.65 crore for eight years.

    GS-IIGS-III

  44. Saturday 24 October · Economy, Environment and Society

    India begins development phase of FAO-backed National Plan of Action for inland small-scale fisheries

    The new action plan seeks to improve fisher livelihoods, strengthen freshwater-resource management and make inland fisheries climate-resilient.

    • The National Plan of Action is being developed under the Food and Agriculture Organization framework with the Union Department of Fisheries.
    • The Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation is collaborating with India on the proposed action plan.
    • India reported 19.7 million tonnes of annual fish production and targets 30 million tonnes within five years, PIB, 2026.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  45. Sunday 25 October · Economy and Society

    NSO to redesign PLFS from January 2027 to capture gig work and unpaid care activities

    The government will create a separate sampling stratum for digital-platform workers and add questions on unpaid household, caregiving, volunteer and trainee work.

    • PLFS has been conducted by the National Statistics Office under MoSPI since 2017 to measure labour-force conditions.
    • The proposed redesign begins with the 2027–28 Panel 6, when fresh samples will be drawn from an updated frame.
    • A new digital-platform-worker Second Stage Stratum will be added while existing Second Stage Strata are retained.

    GS-IIGS-III

  46. Monday 26 October · International Relations / Polity

    India hosts the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum in New Delhi on October 26–27 under its 2026 chairship

    Parliamentary delegations from BRICS member and partner countries are meeting in Samvidhan Sadan to discuss institutional resilience, ethical AI, global-governance reform and sustainable development.

    • BRICS began as BRIC in 2006 with Brazil, Russia, India and China; South Africa joined in 2011.
    • The first BRICS leaders’ summit was held at Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009 amid the global financial crisis.
    • BRICS is an informal coordination forum without a constitutive treaty, permanent secretariat or independent budget.

    GS-II

  47. Monday 26 October · Economy / Science & Technology

    PM Modi inaugurates RBI data centre and cybersecurity training institute in Bhubaneswar

    The new facilities are intended to strengthen the resilience, continuity and cybersecurity of India's critical financial and digital-payment infrastructure.

    • The Reserve Bank of India inaugurated its Data Centre and Cybersecurity Training Institute in Bhubaneswar on October 25, 2026.
    • The Bhubaneswar data centre will house mission-critical systems including Real Time Gross Settlement and National Electronic Funds Transfer.
    • The RBI’s three existing data centres are in Maharashtra; Bhubaneswar adds geographical and seismic diversification.

    GS-IIGS-III

  48. Tuesday 27 October · Internal Security, Environment and Infrastructure

    Security deployment rises to over 2,500 personnel as protests against Arunachal Pradesh’s Siang mega-dam turn violent

    The Centre and Arunachal Pradesh have deployed CAPF, ITBP, SSB and RAF units across the Siang belt after arson and clashes over the proposed 11,200-MW project.

    • The Siang Upper Multipurpose Project is proposed in Arunachal Pradesh and remains at the preliminary feasibility or investigation stage.
    • NHPC received the Ministry of Jal Shakti’s assignment to prepare the project’s Preliminary Feasibility Report in April 2022.
    • NHPC documents examined Uggeng, Ditte Dimme and Parong alternatives, with capacities around 11,200–11,600 megawatts.

    GS-IIGS-III

  49. Wednesday 28 October · Polity

    ECI tells Supreme Court that West Bengal SIR decisions were unanimous and defends 16.10 lakh appeals

    In its October 26 affidavit, the Election Commission defended the legality and collective approval of decisions taken during the Special Intensive Revision of electoral rolls.

    • Article 324 places superintendence, direction and control of elections and electoral rolls in the Election Commission of India.
    • Article 326 provides elections to the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of adult suffrage.
    • Section 18 of the 2023 Chief Election Commissioners Act prefers unanimity and resolves differences between Commissioners by majority.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  50. Thursday 29 October · International Relations and Economy

    India and Mexico formally launch negotiations for a Preferential Trade Agreement

    The two countries signed Terms of Reference covering goods, rules of origin, customs, trade facilitation and other market-access issues.

    • India and Mexico signed Terms of Reference for Preferential Trade Agreement negotiations on October 28, 2026.
    • The proposed negotiations cover goods market access, rules of origin, customs procedures, trade facilitation and dispute settlement.
    • Potential cooperation sectors include automobiles, chemicals, electronics, pharmaceuticals, agri-food, energy and critical minerals.

    GS-IIGS-III

  51. Friday 30 October · Polity and Governance

    Cabinet approves ₹7,395.55-crore Pradhan Mantri Viksit Gram Swaraj Yojana for grassroots governance

    The new centrally sponsored scheme will strengthen Panchayati Raj institutions through integrated planning, digital governance, capacity building and social accountability from 2026-27 to 2030-31.

    • The Pradhan Mantri Viksit Gram Swaraj Yojana is approved as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for 2026-27 to 2030-31. Source: Cabinet release, 2026.
    • The scheme outlay is ₹7,395.55 crore, comprising Central share of ₹4,869.48 crore and State share of ₹2,526.07 crore. Source: Cabinet, 2026.
    • Coverage extends to over 2.55 lakh Panchayats and Traditional Local Bodies across all States and Union Territories. Source: Cabinet, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  52. Friday 30 October · Economy and Infrastructure

    Cabinet clears ₹10,000-crore Container Manufacturing Promotion Scheme to build domestic maritime supply-chain capacity

    The scheme will support container factories, production costs and testing infrastructure, targeting a ten-fold increase in annual capacity to 7.5 lakh TEUs by FY2039-40.

    • Cabinet approved the Container Manufacturing Promotion Scheme on 28 October 2026 with an outlay of ₹10,000 crore. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2329476&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The scheme runs from financial year 2027-28 to 2039-40, including facility creation and production-support phases. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2329666&lang=1&reg=3))
    • Annual domestic capacity is targeted to rise about ten-fold from 70,000 to 7.5 lakh TEUs. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2329666&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IIGS-III

  53. Saturday 31 October · Polity and Governance

    Supreme Court proposes bank compensation and prosecution for lapses enabling digital-arrest frauds

    The Court indicated that banks may be held liable when inadequate due diligence contributes to digital-arrest scams, while criticising the RBI’s response.

    • Digital-arrest fraud uses impersonation, prolonged video calls and coercive demands for money; it is not a legally recognised arrest procedure.
    • The Supreme Court bench comprised Chief Justice Surya Kant, Justice Joymalya Bagchi and Justice V. Mohana in the October 2026 hearing.
    • The status report cited 123,672 cases in 2024, 58,239 in 2025 and 21,928 up to September 1, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-IIIGS-IV

Mains questions

  1. Examine how cooperative federalism can improve the implementation of major electricity-sector reforms in India. Cabinet approves Green Energy Corridor Phase-III with ₹1.86 lakh crore outlay and 50-GWh battery storage
  2. Explain how cooperative and market-based compliance mechanisms can improve the effectiveness of environmental regulation. Government notifies CAFE-III norms requiring 16.7% improvement in passenger-vehicle fuel efficiency by 2031–32
  3. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is both a security platform and an instrument of regional economic integration. Discuss in the context of India’s connectivity diplomacy. India’s SCO national coordinator visits Islamabad and flags connectivity, transit and trade cooperation
  4. Can regional connectivity become a tool of peace in South Asia despite India–Pakistan tensions? Examine. India’s SCO national coordinator visits Islamabad and flags connectivity, transit and trade cooperation
  5. How can India balance stringent narcotics enforcement with constitutional safeguards and public-health concerns? India unveils 2026–2029 drug-control roadmap after ₹3,000-crore narcotics seizure in the Arabian Sea
  6. Supply reduction alone cannot create a drug-free society. Discuss the role of prevention, treatment and social reintegration. India unveils 2026–2029 drug-control roadmap after ₹3,000-crore narcotics seizure in the Arabian Sea
  7. Examine how GST has reshaped Centre–State fiscal relations in India. September GST collections cross ₹2 lakh crore, rising 14.7% year-on-year
  8. Discuss how the independence of constitutional bodies can be protected while preserving democratic accountability in appointments. Supreme Court declines recall plea in challenge to law governing CEC and Election Commissioners’ appointments
  9. Judicial independence requires not only impartial adjudication but also visible impartiality. Examine. Supreme Court declines recall plea in challenge to law governing CEC and Election Commissioners’ appointments
  10. Explain the significance of Constitution Benches in maintaining constitutional coherence in India. Supreme Court declines recall plea in challenge to law governing CEC and Election Commissioners’ appointments
  11. The weakening of multilateralism is encouraging unilateral trade measures. Examine the implications for developing countries and India. India backs WTO-compliant action against trade distortions at G20 Trade Ministers’ Meeting
  12. How can labour standards be integrated into international trade without creating disguised protectionism? India backs WTO-compliant action against trade distortions at G20 Trade Ministers’ Meeting
  13. Discuss the importance of cooperative federalism in implementing national clean-energy and waste-management programmes. Government launches ₹23,731-crore GOBARdhan scheme to scale up compressed biogas production
  14. Electoral reforms must balance the integrity of electoral rolls with the right of eligible citizens to participate. Discuss in the context of Uttarakhand’s Special Intensive Revision. Uttarakhand publishes final electoral roll after SIR; ECI orders fresh verification of missing voters
  15. What institutional and procedural safeguards are necessary to ensure that electoral-roll revision does not become disenfranchisement? Uttarakhand publishes final electoral roll after SIR; ECI orders fresh verification of missing voters
  16. Explain the role of the Election Commission and subordinate election officials in preparing and revising electoral rolls. Uttarakhand publishes final electoral roll after SIR; ECI orders fresh verification of missing voters
  17. How should India balance wildlife conservation with the rights and livelihoods of forest-dwelling communities? Over 2,500 trees found girdled inside Chhattisgarh’s Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
  18. Despite achieving elimination of leprosy as a public health problem, India continues to report new child cases and disability. Discuss. India records 3,832 new child leprosy cases in 2025–26, putting 2027 transmission target under pressure
  19. Examine the role of primary healthcare and community participation in achieving disease elimination targets in India. India records 3,832 new child leprosy cases in 2025–26, putting 2027 transmission target under pressure
  20. Health indicators often conceal inequalities within national averages. Discuss with reference to leprosy control in India. India records 3,832 new child leprosy cases in 2025–26, putting 2027 transmission target under pressure
  21. Discuss the role of cooperative federalism in the functioning and reform of the GST regime. GST Council to consider removing arrest powers under the GST regime on October 7
  22. Examine how executive discretion in tax administration can be reconciled with personal liberty and due process. GST Council to consider removing arrest powers under the GST regime on October 7
  23. The Strait of Hormuz is both a geographical chokepoint and a test of international law. Discuss. India rescues five seafarers after Kuwait-flagged tanker is hit by a projectile in the Strait of Hormuz
  24. Examine the challenges before India in protecting its citizens and commercial interests amid insecurity in West Asian maritime routes. India rescues five seafarers after Kuwait-flagged tanker is hit by a projectile in the Strait of Hormuz
  25. Discuss the significance of India’s strategic autonomy in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. India says it has moved beyond advocacy and is engaging Russia and Ukraine on practical peace measures
  26. Conflict situations increasingly require humanitarian diplomacy alongside traditional peace negotiations. Examine with reference to the Black Sea. India says it has moved beyond advocacy and is engaging Russia and Ukraine on practical peace measures
  27. India-Bangladesh relations are increasingly shaped by connectivity cooperation. Discuss. India flags off first Dibrugarh–Dhaka international cargo voyage via Brahmaputra and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route
  28. The Election Commission’s constitutional autonomy must be balanced with procedural accountability. Discuss. Supreme Court says it never approved modified Form 6 and seeks ECI records on who changed the voter-enrolment form
  29. How can electoral-roll revision protect both electoral integrity and the right to political participation? Supreme Court says it never approved modified Form 6 and seeks ECI records on who changed the voter-enrolment form
  30. Digital governance can improve administration but may also create new forms of arbitrariness. Discuss in the context of elections. Supreme Court says it never approved modified Form 6 and seeks ECI records on who changed the voter-enrolment form
  31. How can science and technology partnerships contribute to India’s strategic autonomy and diplomatic influence? Discuss with reference to India–Switzerland cooperation. India and Switzerland deepen strategic science-and-technology partnership, with Bern earmarking CHF 45 million for research cooperation
  32. Discuss the role of institutional coordination and data-driven governance in India’s infrastructure development. Cabinet approves Integrated Transport & Logistics Authority to coordinate multimodal infrastructure planning
  33. Discuss how judicial review can reconcile strategic infrastructure with tribal rights and environmental protection in India. Supreme Court declines to halt proceedings challenging Great Nicobar project over alleged tribal-rights and environmental violations
  34. Public-interest litigation has expanded access to justice for vulnerable communities. Discuss its significance and possible misuse in the Great Nicobar context. Supreme Court declines to halt proceedings challenging Great Nicobar project over alleged tribal-rights and environmental violations
  35. Discuss the challenges before India in protecting its citizens and commercial interests amid conflicts in West Asia. India condemns October 11 attacks on commercial vessels near Strait of Hormuz; two Indian seafarers missing
  36. “The right to protest is a constitutional right, but not a right to paralyse public life.” Discuss. Supreme Court orders protection of peaceful assemblies and normalisation of Delhi transport services amid protest curbs
  37. Examine the constitutional safeguards against arbitrary preventive action during public protests in India. Supreme Court orders protection of peaceful assemblies and normalisation of Delhi transport services amid protest curbs
  38. India’s defence diplomacy is increasingly moving from symbolism to operational cooperation. Discuss with reference to multinational military exercises. Exercise Tarang Shakti 2026 concludes with participation from seven partner air forces
  39. How can India reconcile strategic autonomy with the requirements of military interoperability and international security cooperation? Exercise Tarang Shakti 2026 concludes with participation from seven partner air forces
  40. Discuss the significance of BIMSTEC for India’s regional security and Act East policy. First BIMSTEC Home Ministers’ Meeting adopts Delhi Declaration on regional security cooperation
  41. India–Canada relations have moved from diplomatic friction to strategic re-engagement. Examine the opportunities and challenges before this partnership. India and Canada reaffirm strategic partnership and aim to conclude CEPA negotiations at the earliest
  42. Economic interdependence is increasingly central to India’s foreign policy. Explain using the India–Canada CEPA initiative. India and Canada reaffirm strategic partnership and aim to conclude CEPA negotiations at the earliest
  43. Explain how ownership, management control and regulation differ in the governance of banks. CCEA approves Fairfax-led acquisition of 60.72% stake in IDBI Bank for ₹52,878 crore
  44. Discuss how social-security schemes can translate the Directive Principles of State Policy into substantive welfare. Cabinet renames and expands National Social Assistance Programme with ₹53,428-crore five-year outlay
  45. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 requires a shift from charity-based welfare to rights-based inclusion. Examine. Cabinet renames and expands National Social Assistance Programme with ₹53,428-crore five-year outlay
  46. How can India improve the effectiveness of pension and income-support programmes for vulnerable groups? Cabinet renames and expands National Social Assistance Programme with ₹53,428-crore five-year outlay
  47. How can cooperative federalism improve the governance of emerging digital infrastructure in India? NITI Aayog releases Data Centre Evaluation Framework, asking States to assess power, water and environmental sustainability before approvals
  48. India’s maritime interests increasingly extend beyond its exclusive economic zone. Examine the opportunities and challenges of this shift. Cabinet approves India’s accession to the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement, expanding high-seas fishing and governance rights
  49. How has the creation of Ladakh as a Union Territory altered the governance and development framework of the region? India inaugurates ₹3,350-crore connectivity, power and water projects in Ladakh
  50. Discuss how digital public infrastructure can improve the efficiency and accountability of India’s foreign-trade administration. National Strategic Trade Command Centre launched to strengthen data-driven export governance
  51. Discuss the significance of India’s growing role in maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region. Indian Navy completes its maiden command of Combined Task Force 154 under the Combined Maritime Forces
  52. Cooperative maritime security is an instrument of India’s soft power. Discuss with suitable examples. Indian Navy completes its maiden command of Combined Task Force 154 under the Combined Maritime Forces
  53. The right to internet access is an emerging dimension of Article 21. Discuss with reference to children’s rights and reasonable restrictions. Supreme Court recognises children’s fundamental right to internet access and orders national database to remove child sexual-abuse material
  54. Healthcare affordability is a prerequisite for substantive equality. Discuss in the context of regulating prices of anti-cancer medicines. NPPA caps trade margins at 30% for 137 non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs; revised prices effective November 9, 2026
  55. The right to life under Article 21 has evolved from mere physical survival to dignified living. Discuss with reference to menstrual health. Supreme Court warns States and UTs of contempt action over non-compliance with menstrual-health ruling
  56. How can menstrual-health barriers reinforce gender inequality in access to education? Suggest institutional remedies. Supreme Court warns States and UTs of contempt action over non-compliance with menstrual-health ruling
  57. Cooperative federalism is tested when national rights require State-level implementation. Examine in the context of the Supreme Court’s menstrual-health directions. Supreme Court warns States and UTs of contempt action over non-compliance with menstrual-health ruling
  58. The State is a regulator of religious endowments, not the owner of their property. Discuss with reference to recent judicial developments. Supreme Court declares Tamil Nadu transfer of temple land to State government through gift deed illegal
  59. How should public infrastructure needs be balanced with protection of religious and charitable endowment property? Supreme Court declares Tamil Nadu transfer of temple land to State government through gift deed illegal
  60. Explain how constitutional secularism permits regulation of religious institutions without enabling State appropriation of their assets. Supreme Court declares Tamil Nadu transfer of temple land to State government through gift deed illegal
  61. Bilateral trade agreements are increasingly becoming instruments of India’s economic diplomacy. Discuss with reference to the India–New Zealand FTA. India–New Zealand FTA enters into force, providing duty-free access and a USD 20-billion investment pathway
  62. India–Saudi Arabia relations are moving beyond hydrocarbons. Examine the significance of proposed electricity-grid interconnection for India’s strategic interests. India and Saudi Arabia review proposed electricity-grid interconnection amid rising renewable and data-centre demand
  63. Discuss the role of cooperative federalism in the implementation of infrastructure projects. UDAN completes a decade as Modified UDAN expands regional aviation infrastructure
  64. India–United States relations are increasingly shaped by the intersection of trade, technology, energy and security. Discuss. India–US trade talks move closer to conclusion as Rubio and Jaishankar discuss tariffs, energy and technology in Mumbai
  65. How can India balance strategic autonomy with deeper economic and defence cooperation with the United States? India–US trade talks move closer to conclusion as Rubio and Jaishankar discuss tariffs, energy and technology in Mumbai
  66. How can export controls on civilian industrial equipment become instruments of economic statecraft? Discuss with reference to China’s 2026 controls on tunnel-boring machines. China announces export controls on tunnel-boring machines and adjusts dredger-related controls, effective November 18
  67. India’s bilateral partnerships with European countries are increasingly shaped by technology, defence and resilient supply chains. Discuss with reference to India–Poland relations. India and Poland agree to double bilateral trade by 2030 and propose a Defence Industry Dialogue
  68. Can India’s engagement with Poland strengthen its strategic autonomy? Examine. India and Poland agree to double bilateral trade by 2030 and propose a Defence Industry Dialogue
  69. Climate change mitigation requires not merely targets but credible implementation. Examine. UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report 2026 launch warns that crossing 1.5°C is unavoidable without an unprecedented emissions push
  70. How can public-sector institutions promote indigenous innovation while ensuring technological accountability and public trust? C-DAC and Bank of India sign MoU to develop quantum-safe technologies for banking
  71. Cooperative federalism is essential for effective management of India’s inland fisheries. Examine. India begins development phase of FAO-backed National Plan of Action for inland small-scale fisheries
  72. Discuss how statistical invisibility of unpaid care work affects women’s labour-force participation and public policy in India. NSO to redesign PLFS from January 2027 to capture gig work and unpaid care activities
  73. Why is the quality of official statistics central to inclusive governance? Discuss with reference to the proposed changes in PLFS. NSO to redesign PLFS from January 2027 to capture gig work and unpaid care activities
  74. Parliamentary diplomacy is emerging as an important instrument of India’s foreign policy. Discuss. India hosts the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum in New Delhi on October 26–27 under its 2026 chairship
  75. Examine the significance and limitations of BRICS as a platform for reforming global governance. India hosts the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum in New Delhi on October 26–27 under its 2026 chairship
  76. How can sustainable development be made people-centric in a multipolar world? India hosts the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum in New Delhi on October 26–27 under its 2026 chairship
  77. Explain how the RBI’s Bhubaneswar facilities can strengthen financial stability and good governance. PM Modi inaugurates RBI data centre and cybersecurity training institute in Bhubaneswar
  78. How should the State balance the right to peaceful protest with the need to maintain public order in infrastructure-related conflicts? Security deployment rises to over 2,500 personnel as protests against Arunachal Pradesh’s Siang mega-dam turn violent
  79. Discuss the constitutional position of the Election Commission of India as a multi-member body. Can the Chief Election Commissioner act unilaterally? ECI tells Supreme Court that West Bengal SIR decisions were unanimous and defends 16.10 lakh appeals
  80. Electoral-roll revision must reconcile accuracy with universal participation. Examine this statement with reference to West Bengal’s SIR controversy. ECI tells Supreme Court that West Bengal SIR decisions were unanimous and defends 16.10 lakh appeals
  81. Explain the significance of non-tariff measures in modern trade negotiations. How can India prevent them from becoming disguised protectionism? India and Mexico formally launch negotiations for a Preferential Trade Agreement
  82. India’s engagement with Latin America is acquiring greater economic and strategic relevance. Discuss with reference to Mexico. India and Mexico formally launch negotiations for a Preferential Trade Agreement
  83. Discuss how the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Gram Swaraj Yojana can strengthen democratic decentralisation in India. Cabinet approves ₹7,395.55-crore Pradhan Mantri Viksit Gram Swaraj Yojana for grassroots governance
  84. Cooperative federalism at the grassroots requires more than financial transfers. Discuss with reference to recent Panchayati Raj reforms. Cabinet approves ₹7,395.55-crore Pradhan Mantri Viksit Gram Swaraj Yojana for grassroots governance
  85. Judicial activism can fill governance gaps but may also blur institutional boundaries. Examine this proposition in the context of the Supreme Court's directions on digital-arrest fraud. Supreme Court proposes bank compensation and prosecution for lapses enabling digital-arrest frauds

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