Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk
Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk

September 2026

GS2 · Polity, governance and international relations

  1. Tuesday 1 September · Polity and Governance

    Bihar and Jharkhand sign MoU to resolve long-standing Sone River water-sharing dispute

    The inter-state agreement aims to improve irrigation and drinking-water availability while highlighting cooperative federalism in river-water governance.

    • The Sone is an important right-bank tributary of the Ganga and joins it about 16 kilometres upstream of Patna.
    • The Central Water Commission records the Sone’s total length as approximately 881 kilometres.
    • The Sone originates in the Maikal highlands near Amarkantak, according to the Central Water Commission.

    GS-IIGS-III

  2. Tuesday 1 September · Polity and Society

    Supreme Court quashes nationwide FIRs against NEET-UG 2026 protesters under Article 142

    The Court closed FIRs linked to student protests held from July 20–25, 2026, while permitting one case involving 2,873 persons with serious criminal antecedents to continue.

    • Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass orders necessary for doing complete justice in matters before it.
    • The Court covered protest-related FIRs arising from incidents between July 20 and July 25, 2026.
    • The Court directed that covered FIRs should not be investigated, pursued or treated as pending for any purpose.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  3. Wednesday 2 September · International Relations

    26th SCO Summit adopts Bishkek Declaration; English added as an official language

    The Bishkek Summit approved 28 documents, including the Bishkek Declaration and an SCO Charter amendment recognising English as an official language.

    • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was established on 15 June 2001 at Shanghai by six founding states.
    • The SCO Charter was signed at Saint Petersburg on 7 June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003.
    • India and Pakistan became full SCO members in 2017; Belarus joined as a member state in 2024.

    GS-II

  4. Wednesday 2 September · Science & Technology / Polity

    India’s Copyright Office rejects DABUS as an AI author but recognises originality of the generated artwork

    In an August 31 order made public on September 1, the Copyright Office held that an AI system cannot be listed as an author under the Copyright Act, 1957.

    • Section 2(d)(vi) of the Copyright Act, 1957 identifies the author of a computer-generated artistic work as the person causing creation.
    • Section 13 protects original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works under the Copyright Act, 1957.
    • Section 17 generally makes the author the first owner of copyright, subject to statutory exceptions.

    GS-IIGS-III

  5. Wednesday 2 September · International Relations

    Permanent Court of Arbitration rules India’s ‘abeyance’ of Indus Waters Treaty impermissible; New Delhi rejects award

    The PCA has held that the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty remains binding and ordered interim measures concerning the Ratle hydropower project, while India rejected the tribunal’s jurisdiction.

    • The Indus Waters Treaty was signed by India and Pakistan on 19 September 1960 after World Bank-facilitated negotiations.
    • The treaty broadly assigns the eastern rivers Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India, and western rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan.
    • The Permanent Indus Commission has one Commissioner appointed by each country and oversees treaty implementation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  6. Wednesday 2 September · Science & Technology

    India issues notifications for all six pillars of Semicon 2.0 to build an end-to-end semiconductor ecosystem

    The government has operationalised all six pillars of the ₹1.275-lakh-crore Semicon 2.0 programme, expanding support from chip design and fabrication to packaging, equipment, materials, research and talent.

    • Semicon 2.0 was approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 July 2026 with a total outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2284796&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The six pillars are design; machines and materials; more fabrication factories; advanced packaging; research and development; and talent development. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2304963&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The India Semiconductor Mission is the nodal agency for applications, appraisal, recommendations and implementation oversight. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2304963&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  7. Thursday 3 September · Polity & Governance; Environment

    National Water Summit calls for AI-enabled water data governance and time-bound Centre–State action

    The first National Departmental Summit on Water concluded with a focus on cooperative federalism, sustainable drinking-water sources and integrated, technology-driven water management.

    • The National Departmental Summit on Water was organised by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and held over September 1–2, 2026.
    • The Summit identified four outcomes: infrastructure completion, water conservation as people’s participation, source sustainability and rural-scheme maintenance.
    • Jal Jeevan Mission was launched in 2019 to provide functional household tap connections with adequate, regular and prescribed-quality water.

    GS-IIGS-III

  8. Thursday 3 September · International Relations; Trade and Connectivity

    India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group reviews customs, trader visas, banking and Chabahar-linked trade connectivity

    India and Afghanistan agreed to pursue practical measures to facilitate bilateral trade and investment amid continuing regional connectivity and financial challenges.

    • The India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group on Trade, Commerce and Investment met virtually on 1 September 2026.
    • The 2026 meeting discussed customs, trader visas, banking, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, energy, investment, tariffs and port matters.
    • The 2016 Chabahar Agreement involved India, Iran and Afghanistan and established a transport and transit corridor.

    GS-IIGS-III

  9. Thursday 3 September · Polity

    Supreme Court rules Bar Council bodies cannot discipline law students before advocate enrolment

    The Court quashed BCI directives against NALSAR students, holding that disciplinary control before enrolment lies with the educational institution, not the Bar Council.

    • The Advocates Act, 1961 created the statutory framework for Bar Councils and an all-India legal profession.
    • Section 7 assigns the Bar Council of India functions relating to advocates, legal education, university recognition and supervision of State Bar Councils.
    • Sections 24 to 26 of the Advocates Act, 1961 concern qualifications, applications and decisions relating to enrolment as an advocate.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  10. Thursday 3 September · Environment and Economy

    India curtails nearly 11 TWh of solar generation as grid and storage bottlenecks deepen

    A sharp rise in unused solar power exposes transmission, storage and grid-flexibility gaps even as India’s electricity demand reaches record levels.

    • Curtailment means reducing renewable generation even when the plant could produce, because the grid cannot safely absorb or transmit it.
    • The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy reported 8,133 gigawatt-hours of solar curtailment during April-June 2026.
    • Peak electricity demand reached 270 gigawatts during April-June 2026, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

    GS-IIGS-III

  11. Friday 4 September · International Relations

    India and Belgium agree to deepen defence, clean-energy, critical-minerals and semiconductor cooperation

    The India–Belgium summit produced a roadmap covering defence co-development, renewable energy, critical-mineral processing, IMEC–India semiconductor links and expanded trade.

    • Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever visited India from September 2–4, 2026, on his first visit after taking office in February 2025.
    • India and Belgium established diplomatic relations in 1947, and 2027 marks the eightieth anniversary of bilateral diplomatic relations.
    • The inaugural India–Belgium Strategic Dialogue was launched in Brussels on July 15, 2026, covering security, technology, trade and connectivity.

    GS-IIGS-III

  12. Friday 4 September · International Relations and Defence

    Defence Minister releases ‘RAKSHA’, India’s 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy

    The framework seeks to integrate defence partnerships, military capacity building, indigenous exports and Indian Ocean maritime security into India’s foreign-policy strategy.

    • RAKSHA was released by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in New Delhi on September 3, 2026, according to PIB.
    • RAKSHA identifies strategic partnerships, capacity building, indigenous exports and maritime security as its four pillars.
    • The framework covers India’s global defence partnerships over the next ten years, according to the Ministry of Defence.

    GS-IIGS-III

  13. Saturday 5 September · Polity

    Supreme Court says Jharkhand’s DGP appointment one day before retirement violated six-month tenure rule

    The Court reiterated that states must follow the Prakash Singh police-reform framework while appointing Directors General of Police.

    • Tadasha Mishra, a 1994-batch Indian Police Service officer, was appointed Jharkhand DGP on December 30, 2025.
    • Prakash Singh v. Union of India, 2006, required selection of a state DGP from three senior officers empanelled by UPSC.
    • The Supreme Court’s March 13, 2019 order fixed six months as the minimum residual service for DGP consideration.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  14. Saturday 5 September · International Relations

    India rescues 166 nationals from Nepal floods; 275 Indians remain missing, MEA says

    India’s evacuation and relief operation in flood-hit Nepal has acquired major consular, humanitarian-assistance and neighbourhood-diplomacy significance.

    • On September 4, 2026, MEA reported 166 Indian nationals rescued and 275 still missing after Nepal flash floods. ([newsonair.gov.in](https://newsonair.gov.in/166-indian-nationals-rescued-so-far-275-still-missing-indian-govt-in-touch-with-nepali-govt-mea/?utm_source=openai))
    • India said 1,907 Indian nationals had safely crossed into Nepal from China during the flood-related movement. ([newsonair.gov.in](https://newsonair.gov.in/166-indian-nationals-rescued-so-far-275-still-missing-indian-govt-in-touch-with-nepali-govt-mea/?utm_source=openai))
    • The Trishuli 3A hydropower project is in Nepal’s Rasuwa district, where two workers were rescued on September 4, 2026. ([apnews.com](https://apnews.com/article/82a2d39fb1385b28df79fe792c198f89))

    GS-IIGS-III

  15. Saturday 5 September · Environment & Disaster Management

    Union Home Secretary reviews Himalayan States’ preparedness for GLOFs and snow avalanches

    The Centre directed Himalayan States and Union Territories to strengthen glacial-lake monitoring, early-warning systems, evacuation plans and implementation of GLOF mitigation projects.

    • A GLOF is a sudden release of water from a glacial lake, often involving failure of a natural ice, rock or debris barrier.
    • The 3 September 2026 review covered Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
    • South Lhonak Lake breached on 4 October 2023 and triggered a devastating flood in the Teesta basin of Sikkim.

    GS-IIGS-III

  16. Saturday 5 September · Economy & International Relations

    India sets preferential-tariff condition for finalising proposed trade agreement with the United States

    Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal said India will finalise the bilateral trade deal only after Washington provides a framework ensuring preferential tariff treatment for Indian exports over competing economies.

    • A bilateral trade agreement is negotiated between two parties; it is not automatically the same as a comprehensive free trade agreement.
    • India seeks a preferential tariff advantage over competitors, not merely a general reduction in United States import duties.
    • Piyush Goyal said the first phase framework was finalised in February 2026, with tariff changes prompting further negotiations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  17. Sunday 6 September · Polity and Governance

    Census 2027 population enumeration begins in Ladakh and other snow-bound Himalayan areas

    The first phase of population enumeration under Census 2027 has begun in Ladakh and designated snow-bound areas, highlighting digital census methods and data-governance concerns.

    • The Census 2027 population enumeration in notified Himalayan areas runs from 1 to 30 September 2026, followed by revision.
    • Self-enumeration in the notified snow-bound areas was available from 17 to 31 August 2026.
    • The reference date for these areas is 00:00 hours on 1 October 2026.

    GS-IGS-II

  18. Sunday 6 September · International Relations and Internal Security

    India–China to hold Corps Commander-level talks in the Northeast amid renewed border-management efforts

    India and China are preparing fresh military-level talks in the Northeast, following recent Doval–Wang boundary discussions and reported tensions near Arunachal Pradesh.

    • The 25th round of India–China Special Representatives’ talks was held in Beijing on August 25, 2026.
    • Ajit Doval is India’s Special Representative, while Wang Yi represents China in the boundary dialogue.
    • Lt General Girish Kalia commands the Indian Army’s III Corps, also known as the Spear Corps.

    GS-IIGS-III

  19. Sunday 6 September · Environment and Biodiversity Governance

    National Biodiversity Authority crosses ₹200 crore in Access and Benefit-Sharing disbursements

    The NBA sanctioned ₹8.23 crore to State Biodiversity Boards and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils, taking cumulative ABS disbursements beyond ₹200 crore.

    • The National Biodiversity Authority sanctioned ₹8.23 crore to 27 State Biodiversity Boards and five Union Territory Biodiversity Councils in September 2026. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))
    • The latest Access and Benefit-Sharing release concerns bitter gourd, okra, chilli and onion resources used for research and commercial utilisation. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))
    • Funds were allocated using crop cultivation-area data because individual farmers, communities and source locations could not be identified. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  20. Monday 7 September · Polity, Internal Security and Society

    Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’

    The Union Home Minister announced a mission-mode narcotics-control strategy combining enforcement, precursor-drug regulation, harm reduction and inter-agency coordination.

    • The three-year Drug-Free India roadmap covers July 2026 to July 2029 and has four strategic pillars.
    • The four pillars are intelligence-based enforcement, precursor and synthetic-drug control, demand and harm reduction, and coordination.
    • The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in 1985 and includes provisions on controlled substances.

    GS-IIGS-III

  21. Monday 7 September · International Relations and Environment

    China continues Yarlung Zangbo mega-dam project despite renewed seismic, ecological and downstream concerns

    Beijing’s continued prioritisation of the lower Yarlung Zangbo hydropower project near India’s frontier has renewed debate over transboundary water security and Himalayan disaster risks.

    • The Yarlung Zangbo becomes the Siang in Arunachal Pradesh and the Brahmaputra downstream in Assam before entering Bangladesh.
    • China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period is 2026–2030 and promotes a hydropower project on the lower Yarlung Zangbo.
    • The Medog project was officially announced as having begun construction in July 2025 near the Great Bend.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  22. Monday 7 September · Science & Technology

    ISRO rejects privatisation claims after nine employee associations seek clarity on transfer of core functions

    ISRO said it will remain India’s principal institution for advanced research, strategic missions and frontier space capabilities while industry scales mature technologies.

    • ISRO means Indian Space Research Organisation, India’s principal institution for advanced space research, technology development and strategic missions.
    • IN-SPACe means Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre, established in June 2020 under the Department of Space.
    • NSIL means NewSpace India Limited, incorporated on March 6, 2019, as a wholly owned government company under the Department of Space.

    GS-IIGS-III

  23. Monday 7 September · International Relations

    India backs UN equal-area map resolution but rejects any inaccurate depiction of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh

    New Delhi supported the UN General Assembly’s cartographic initiative while reiterating that India’s sovereign territory must be shown according to its official map.

    • The UN General Assembly adopted “Correct the Map” on September 4, 2026, by 164 votes in favour, 1 against and 6 abstentions.
    • The resolution promotes equal-area representation, particularly of Africa, but does not adopt one mandatory global map projection.
    • An equal-area projection preserves relative areas on the map, but may distort shape, distance or direction.

    GS-II

  24. Tuesday 8 September · Economy

    57th GST Council meeting rescheduled to October 7, with focus on input-tax credit and litigation reforms

    The GST Council’s first meeting since the 2025 rate rationalisation has been deferred from September 12 because of the BRICS Summit, with ITC safeguards and tax administration expected on the agenda.

    • Article 279A created the GST Council through the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
    • The GST Council includes the Union Finance Minister, Union Minister of State for Revenue or Finance, and nominated State ministers.
    • Council decisions require three-fourths weighted votes; the Union has one-third and States together have two-thirds.

    GS-IIGS-III

  25. Tuesday 8 September · Science & Technology

    RISE Conclave 2026 records eight MoUs and four technology transfers to accelerate lab-to-market innovation

    The Kolkata edition of the CSIR-led RISE Conclave highlighted technology commercialisation, critical minerals and decentralised startup growth, with over half of India’s startups reportedly based outside metropolitan centres.

    • The sixth RISE Conclave 2026 was held on September 6–7 at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Salt Lake, Kolkata. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The conclave’s 4M framework means Minerals, Medicine, Materials and Machines, representing four participating CSIR laboratories. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))
    • RISE 2026 reported eight Memoranda of Understanding, four technology transfers, two product launches and one facility inauguration. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  26. Tuesday 8 September · Environment/Economy

    UK recognises India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for carbon-price relief under its CBAM

    The recognition could reduce double carbon charges on Indian steel, aluminium, fertiliser and cement exports when the UK CBAM begins in 2027.

    • The United Kingdom listed India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme as a qualifying carbon-pricing scheme in its August 27, 2026 publication.
    • United Kingdom CBAM is scheduled to take effect in January 2027 for specified carbon-intensive imported goods.
    • United Kingdom CBAM relief depends on the effective carbon price actually paid on the imported good.

    GS-IIGS-III

  27. Tuesday 8 September · Defence and Internal Security

    Defence Acquisition Council grants in-principle approval for ₹1.10 lakh crore of military procurement

    The DAC cleared a large set of Army, Navy and Air Force acquisitions, with about 98% of the approved procurement expected from Indian industry.

    • The Defence Acquisition Council gave Acceptance of Necessity for proposals estimated at about ₹1,10,000 crore on 7 September 2026.
    • Approximately 98% of the approved procurement is expected to be sourced from Indian industry, according to the Ministry of Defence.
    • Arudhra radar is intended to replace existing Air Route Surveillance Radars at various Naval Air Stations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  28. Wednesday 9 September · Science & Technology / International Relations

    India joins US-led initiative with 24 other countries to shape next-generation 6G networks

    India has entered a multilateral 6G technology initiative focused on secure, interoperable networks, innovation and strategic technology cooperation.

    • The US-led Call to Action for 6G Leadership and Security was launched in July 2026 and endorsed by more than 20 governments.
    • Bharat 6G Vision was launched in March 2023 to make India a global leader in designing, developing and deploying 6G by 2030.
    • The Bharat 6G Alliance brings together government, industry, academia, research institutions and standards organisations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  29. Wednesday 9 September · Society / Economy

    PM-SETU approves over ₹735 crore for ITI clusters in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana

    The fifth National Steering Committee meeting of PM-SETU approved industry-linked investment plans to modernise ITI infrastructure and improve employability.

    • PM-SETU means Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs; Cabinet approval came on 7 May 2025.
    • The scheme has an estimated outlay of ₹60,000 crore: Centre ₹30,000 crore, States ₹20,000 crore and industry ₹10,000 crore.
    • PM-SETU targets 1,000 government ITIs through 200 hub ITIs and 800 spoke ITIs over five years.

    GS-IIGS-III

  30. Wednesday 9 September · Economy and Environment

    ADB signs first transaction-advisory agreement in India to structure Madhya Pradesh renewable-energy PPPs

    The Asian Development Bank will help Madhya Pradesh develop three renewable-energy projects capable of attracting up to $1 billion in private investment.

    • The Asian Development Bank signed the Madhya Pradesh agreement on 7 September 2026 in Bhopal. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))
    • This is the Asian Development Bank’s first transaction advisory services mandate in India. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))
    • Three renewable-energy projects will be developed through the public-private partnership route. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))

    GS-IIGS-III

  31. Wednesday 9 September · International Relations and Defence

    India and Japan begin Veer Guardian 2026 air exercise featuring IAF Rafale, Su-30MKI and Tejas

    The Indian Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force will conduct a 14-day bilateral air exercise at Jodhpur to deepen operational and aerospace cooperation.

    • Veer Guardian-2026 is a bilateral air exercise between the Indian Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force at Jodhpur.
    • Veer Guardian-2026 is scheduled at Air Force Station Jodhpur from September 9 to September 22, 2026.
    • India is participating with Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, Su-30MKI and Rafale fighter aircraft.

    GS-IIGS-III

  32. Thursday 10 September · Polity and Economy

    PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds

    The Public Accounts Committee questioned Finance and Health Ministry officials over cess and levy collections not transferred to their earmarked reserve funds in 2024–25.

    • CAG Report No. 6 of 2026 found ₹9,222 crore short-transferred to four Reserve Funds during financial year 2024–25.
    • The four affected funds were IEPF, PSK, PMSSN and OIDF, with short-transfers of ₹1,105 crore, ₹1,270 crore, ₹6,646 crore and ₹201 crore.
    • Cess collections first enter the Consolidated Fund of India and move to designated Reserve Funds after Parliament approves appropriation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  33. Thursday 10 September · Society and Social Justice

    Ninth Rashtriya Poshan Maah launched with focus on Anganwadi accountability and protein-rich diets

    The Women and Child Development Ministry launched the month-long 2026 campaign to strengthen community ownership of Anganwadi centres, dietary diversity and maternal-child nutrition.

    • Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2026 runs nationwide from 9 September to 8 October under the theme “Hamari Anganwadi, Hamari Jimmedari”.
    • POSHAN Abhiyaan was launched in March 2018 as a multi-ministerial convergence mission for improving nutrition outcomes.
    • Mission Poshan 2.0 integrates POSHAN Abhiyaan, Anganwadi Services and the Scheme for Adolescent Girls.

    GS-II

  34. Thursday 10 September · Polity and Society

    Supreme Court to examine whether marital-rape prosecution can proceed before deciding the constitutional validity of the BNS exception

    On September 9, 2026, the Court posted the issue for final hearing while separating interpretation of the existing exception from its constitutional validity.

    • Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita contains the rape provision corresponding to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code.
    • Independent Thought v. Union of India, 2017, removed the marital exception for wives below 18 years.
    • The Supreme Court’s September 9, 2026 Bench was headed by Chief Justice Surya Kant with Justices Joymalya Bagchi and V. Mohana.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-IV

  35. Friday 11 September · Science & Technology

    PM Modi sets 2035 target for Indian space station and 2040 target for an Indian Moon mission

    Addressing the International Space Summit in Paris on September 10, 2026, the Prime Minister outlined India’s next-generation human-spaceflight roadmap and called for international cooperation on peaceful, sustainable space use.

    • The Prime Minister announced an Indian space station target for 2035 and an Indian astronaut lunar mission target for 2040 in Paris, 10 September 2026.
    • Gaganyaan seeks to carry up to three crew members to about 400 kilometres for approximately three days and return them safely.
    • The Human Space Flight Centre leads ISRO’s Gaganyaan programme and coordinates research, industry, academia and other ISRO centres.

    GS-IIGS-III

  36. Friday 11 September · International Relations

    India’s BRICS 2026 chairship moves into summit phase ahead of the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi

    India is set to host the 18th BRICS Summit on September 12–13, 2026, under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability,” with emphasis on Global South priorities.

    • BRICS began as BRIC involving Brazil, Russia, India and China; South Africa’s entry converted BRIC into BRICS.
    • The first BRIC Summit was held at Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009 after coordination intensified following the 2008 financial crisis.
    • BRICS has 11 full members in 2026: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates.

    GS-IIGS-III

  37. Friday 11 September · Polity and Society

    India notifies Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Amendment Rules, 2026; dark-pattern audits and price-transparency norms mandated

    The amended rules tighten platform accountability over search manipulation, sponsored listings, misleading discounts, dark patterns, seller disclosures and consumer grievance redressal, effective January 1, 2027.

    • The Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) (Amendment) Rules, 2026 take effect from January 1, 2027, not immediately upon notification.
    • The 2026 amendment is issued under section 101(2)(zg) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
    • The prior price for a discount means the lowest price charged during the thirty days preceding the reduction announcement.

    GS-IIGS-III

  38. Friday 11 September · International Relations and Economy

    Iran–US attacks on commercial shipping trigger a fresh escalation around the Strait of Hormuz and push Brent crude above $100

    Iran reported attacks on 10 vessels after US forces destroyed five Iranian oil tankers, intensifying risks to global energy flows and raising concerns for India’s inflation and energy security.

    • The Strait of Hormuz lies between Iran and Oman and connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea.
    • Reuters reported Brent crude settled at 107.63 dollars per barrel on September 10, 2026, after rising 6.34%. ([investing.com](https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/brent-holds-above-100-as-tanker-attacks-deepen-supply-fear-4894851))
    • Iran said it attacked 10 ships after the United States struck five Iranian oil tankers near the strait. ([investing.com](https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/brent-holds-above-100-as-tanker-attacks-deepen-supply-fear-4894851))

    GS-IIGS-III

  39. Saturday 12 September · Economy and International Relations

    European Commission sends India–EU Free Trade Agreement to Council for signature and conclusion

    The European Commission has formally forwarded the concluded India–EU FTA to the European Council, moving it into the approval and signature stage.

    • The European Commission submitted proposals to the Council for signature and conclusion of the India–EU FTA on 11 September 2026. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region_en))
    • India–EU FTA negotiations began in 2007, were suspended in 2013, and formally resumed in June 2022. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-india-kick-start-ambitious-trade-agenda-2022-06-17_en?utm_source=openai))
    • Negotiations for the Free Trade Agreement concluded on 27 January 2026, according to the European Commission. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/india_en?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  40. Saturday 12 September · Polity and Federalism

    Tripura and Mizoram agree to maintain status quo and begin technical process for boundary settlement

    The two northeastern states have initiated official talks, agreed to preserve existing arrangements and proposed joint surveys to resolve their long-standing inter-state boundary dispute.

    • The first formal Tripura–Mizoram officials’ meeting on this issue was held in Agartala on September 10, 2026.
    • The disputed Phuldungsei area lies in the Jampui Hills region associated with North Tripura and Mizoram’s neighbouring claims.
    • Both states agreed to maintain existing arrangements while pursuing a permanent settlement of the boundary dispute.

    GS-IGS-II

  41. Saturday 12 September · International Relations

    Modi-Xi meeting on September 12 signals a cautious India-China reset, with focus on stabilising ties and expanding cooperation

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping held talks on the sidelines of the BRICS Summit, emphasising dialogue, mutual development and improved bilateral relations.

    • The Modi–Xi meeting occurred in New Delhi on September 12, 2026, during the 18th BRICS Summit.
    • Xi Jinping’s 2026 India visit was his first visit to India since 2019, according to Associated Press.
    • The 2020 Galwan clash in eastern Ladakh killed at least 20 Indian soldiers and four Chinese soldiers.

    GS-IIGS-III

  42. Saturday 12 September · Polity and Governance

    JPC to begin scrutiny of FCRA Amendment Bill on September 18 amid concerns over executive control of NGO assets

    A 31-member Joint Parliamentary Committee chaired by BJP MP Sanjay Jaiswal will begin examining the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026.

    • The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs and regulates foreign contributions and foreign hospitality.
    • The 2026 Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on March 25, 2026 and referred to a 31-member Joint Parliamentary Committee.
    • The proposed designated authority may manage funds and assets after registration is cancelled, surrendered or otherwise ceases.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  43. Sunday 13 September · International Relations

    18th BRICS Summit adopts New Delhi Declaration condemning the Pahalgam attack and calling for zero tolerance towards terrorism

    The declaration, signed by China and other BRICS members, backs action against terrorist safe havens and cross-border terror financing without naming Pakistan.

    • The 18th BRICS Summit was held in New Delhi from September 12 to 13, 2026, under India’s chairship.
    • The New Delhi Declaration condemned the April 22, 2025 Pahalgam attack, in which 26 people were killed.
    • BRICS currently comprises 11 members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the UAE.

    GS-II

  44. Sunday 13 September · Environment and Disaster Management

    Bihar floods affect 47.92 lakh people across 15 districts as several rivers remain above danger levels

    The expanding flood emergency highlights Bihar's recurring Ganga-basin vulnerability, riverbank-erosion risks and the need for basin-wide disaster management.

    • On September 12, 2026, Bihar reported 47.92 lakh affected people across 15 districts, 575 gram panchayats and 87 blocks. Source: ThePrint/PTI, 2026.
    • Bihar’s Water Resources Department identifies 68.80 lakh hectares as flood-prone out of 94.16 lakh hectares geographically. Source: Bihar WRD, 2026.
    • The Ganga, Kosi, Punpun and other rivers were reported above danger levels at several locations during the September 2026 flood episode.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  45. Sunday 13 September · International Relations

    Modi-Putin BRICS sidelines meeting reviews cooperation in defence, energy, space and critical sectors

    India and Russia reviewed bilateral cooperation across strategic sectors and welcomed the first INNOPROM India exhibition as a platform for expanding trade and industrial ties.

    • The Modi-Putin meeting took place in New Delhi on 11 September 2026 during the 18th BRICS Summit.
    • The leaders had earlier met in Bishkek on 31 August 2026 during the 26th SCO Summit.
    • INNOPROM India was held for the first time in India from 9 to 11 September 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  46. Sunday 13 September · Environment and Biodiversity

    Indonesia begins preparations to repatriate five baby orangutans rescued in Odisha amid suspected trafficking probe

    Indonesia has approached Indian authorities and started technical preparations for repatriation after preliminary indications that the orangutans may be Sumatran animals linked to transnational wildlife trafficking.

    • Orangutans naturally occur only on Sumatra and Borneo, with Indonesia and Malaysia sharing their geographic range. ([cites.org](https://cites.org/sites/default/files/esp/com/ac/30/F-AC30-26.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The Sumatran orangutan is scientifically known as Pongo abelii and is listed as Critically Endangered. ([nc.iucnredlist.org](https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/amazing-species/pongo-abelii/pdfs/original/pongo-abelii.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus are included in CITES Appendix I and India’s protected wildlife schedules. ([cites.org](https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/1297?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  47. Monday 14 September · International Relations and Internal Security

    Colombo Security Conclave table-top exercise concludes in Visakhapatnam, strengthening coordinated maritime responses in the Indian Ocean

    The three-day exercise tested regional cooperation against maritime terrorism, narcotics trafficking, human trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.

    • The Colombo Security Conclave exercise was held at Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam, from 9 to 11 September 2026.
    • The exercise covered maritime terrorism, narcotics smuggling, human trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
    • The exercise reviewed standard operating procedures and information-sharing arrangements to strengthen collective maritime domain awareness.

    GS-IIGS-III

  48. Monday 14 September · Economy

    RBI rejects Tata Sons’ request to surrender NBFC registration, keeping pressure on the group to comply with upper-layer NBFC rules

    The RBI has rejected Tata Sons’ bid to deregister as a Core Investment Company, potentially requiring tighter disclosures and eventual public listing.

    • The Reserve Bank’s scale-based framework creates Base, Middle, Upper and Top Layers for non-banking financial companies.
    • Tata Sons was classified as an Upper Layer non-banking financial company in September 2022.
    • Tata Sons applied on March 28, 2024 to surrender its Certificate of Registration as a Core Investment Company.

    GS-IIGS-III

  49. Friday 18 September · Economy / Society

    Cabinet raises EPFO mandatory-coverage wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000, effective September 17, 2026

    The revision is expected to bring over 51 lakh additional employees under statutory provident-fund, pension and insurance protection, widening India’s formal social-security net.

    • The Union Cabinet approved raising the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 monthly in September 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2310811&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The revised Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation wage ceiling takes effect from 17 September 2026, Vishwakarma Jayanti and Sewa Divas. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2310973&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The government expects more than 51 lakh additional employees to enter compulsory Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation coverage. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2310811&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  50. Friday 18 September · Environment / Governance

    India launches Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard to track climate commitments and mission progress

    The new digital platforms aim to improve transparency in voluntary net-zero disclosures and enable consolidated monitoring of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change.

    • India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change was launched in 2008 and originally comprised eight core national missions.
    • The Net Zero Portal allows voluntary registration, emissions disclosure, target declaration and annual progress updates by Indian entities.
    • The portal encourages Scope 1 and Scope 2 reporting, while Scope 3 reporting remains voluntary under the announced framework.

    GS-IIGS-III

  51. Saturday 19 September · International Relations/Economy

    US Congress clears Russia sanctions bill giving Trump power to impose tariffs of up to 100% on major Russian-energy buyers, including India

    The legislation exposes Indian exports to a possible additional tariff layer over New Delhi’s continued Russian oil purchases, though no tariff is automatic yet.

    • The Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 is H.R. 5334 in the United States Congress.
    • The House passed the measure 262–159 after Senate approval by 86–11 in August 2026.
    • President Donald Trump signed H.R. 5334 into law on September 18, 2026, according to the White House.

    GS-IIGS-III

  52. Saturday 19 September · Science & Technology/Economy

    SEMICON India 2026 launches Semicon 2.0 as India moves from semiconductor policy to commercial production

    The government expanded support for design, fabs, packaging, materials, R&D and talent while inaugurating new commercial semiconductor production lines.

    • Semicon 2.0 has six pillars: design; equipment and materials; fabs; advanced packaging; applied research and development; and talent.
    • India Semiconductor Mission funding rose from USD 8 billion under Semicon 1.0 to USD 13.5 billion under Semicon 2.0.
    • CDIL Semiconductor’s Mohali line produces discrete devices, while Suchi Semicon’s Surat line undertakes packaging.

    GS-IIGS-III

  53. Saturday 19 September · Economy

    CBDT removes arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods

    The Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 2026 shift recovery of tax arrears away from personal detention towards attachment and sale of assets.

    • CBDT notified the Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 2026 on September 17, 2026, amending Rule 225.
    • Rule 225 concerns procedure for recovery of tax for purposes of sections 413 and 475 of the Income-tax Act, 2025.
    • Arrest and detention in prison were removed from the prescribed recovery modes under amended Rule 225.

    GS-IIGS-III

  54. Saturday 19 September · Society and Governance

    Supreme Court presses for permanent NTA structure as Nilekani panel prepares NEET reform report

    The Court directed attention to institutionalising NEET through permanent staff, dedicated verticals and stronger testing infrastructure, with an interim reform report expected by September-end.

    • The National Testing Agency conducts NEET and several other national examinations, including engineering and university entrance tests.
    • The Supreme Court bench comprises Justices P. S. Narasimha and Alok Aradhe in the reported September 2026 proceedings.
    • Nandan Nilekani leads the task force expected to submit its first interim NEET reform report by September-end 2026.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  55. Sunday 20 September · Polity

    Telangana High Court disqualifies Danam Nagender under the anti-defection law and declares Khairatabad Assembly seat vacant

    The court set aside the Speaker’s decision and ruled that Nagender stood disqualified after contesting the 2024 Lok Sabha election on a Congress ticket while serving as a BRS MLA.

    • The Tenth Schedule was inserted by the Constitution (Fifty-Second Amendment) Act, 1985 to address defection by legislators.
    • Article 191(2) provides for disqualification of State legislators on grounds specified in the Tenth Schedule.
    • Article 190(3) states that a State legislature seat becomes vacant when its member becomes subject to constitutional disqualification.

    GS-II

  56. Sunday 20 September · Environment

    NGT climate conference launches mobile application and foregrounds climate justice, environmental jurisprudence

    The two-day NGT international conference in New Delhi brought together stakeholders from 17 countries and launched an NGT mobile application focused on climate governance and access to environmental justice.

    • The National Green Tribunal was established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, which came into force on October 18, 2010. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/handle/123456789/2025?view_type=browse&utm_source=openai))
    • Section 20 requires the NGT to apply sustainable development, precautionary and polluter pays principles while deciding matters. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • An NGT award or order is executable like a civil-court decree under Section 25 of the National Green Tribunal Act. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  57. Sunday 20 September · Defence and Maritime Security

    Keel laid for Indian Navy’s first Next Generation Missile Vessel at Cochin Shipyard

    The keel-laying milestone formally advances India’s six-vessel NGMV programme, combining maritime capability enhancement with indigenous defence manufacturing.

    • The first NGMV keel was laid at Cochin Shipyard Limited, Kochi, on 18 September 2026, according to the Ministry of Defence.
    • The NGMV construction contract with Cochin Shipyard Limited was concluded in March 2023 for six vessels.
    • Cochin Shipyard Limited is the Indian shipyard constructing the six-vessel NGMV programme for the Indian Navy.

    GS-IIGS-III

  58. Monday 21 September · International Relations and Security

    India rejects Pakistan’s account after INS Kolkata–PNS Hunain collision, citing violation of maritime norms

    The MEA rejected Islamabad’s allegations and said a dangerous overtaking manoeuvre by PNS Hunain caused the collision in the western Arabian Sea.

    • INS Kolkata is an Indian Navy destroyer; PNS Hunain is a Pakistani naval vessel involved in the September 15, 2026 collision.
    • The collision occurred in the western or northern Arabian Sea, reportedly about 120 nautical miles from the Gulf of Oman.
    • Article 10 of the India–Pakistan agreement of April 1991 prescribes a three-nautical-mile separation between naval units at sea.

    GS-IIGS-III

  59. Monday 21 September · International Relations and Economy

    Maldives fully repays India-backed USD 150 million Treasury-bill facility after final USD 50 million tranche

    The Maldives cleared the final instalment of an SBI-subscribed 2019 facility, highlighting India’s neighbourhood financial support and the Maldives’ external-debt pressures.

    • The Maldives settled the final United States dollar 50 million tranche of the 2019 facility on September 17, 2026.
    • The facility totalled United States dollar 150 million and was subscribed by the State Bank of India in 2019.
    • Earlier repayments were United States dollar 50 million in January 2024 and United States dollar 50 million on May 11, 2024.

    GS-IIGS-III

  60. Monday 21 September · Economy & International Relations

    India’s exports to core BRICS economies rise 34% to USD 19.9 billion during April–August

    Exports to Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa are growing much faster than exports to the expanded BRICS grouping, strengthening the bloc’s role in India’s trade diversification strategy.

    • BRICS exports to Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa reached USD 19.9 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))
    • India’s exports to China rose 39% to USD 9.6 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))
    • India’s exports to South Africa rose 58% to USD 4.82 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  61. Tuesday 22 September · International Relations and Economy

    India–New Zealand FTA ratified; agreement to enter into force on October 20, 2026

    The newly ratified trade pact will provide duty-free access in New Zealand for 100% of India’s exports from the first day of implementation.

    • The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement was signed at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, on 27 April 2026.
    • The agreement enters into force on 20 October 2026 after New Zealand Parliament passed legislation on 16 September 2026.
    • New Zealand will make 100% of Indian export categories duty-free from the first day of implementation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  62. Tuesday 22 September · Science and Technology

    NPCIL begins fuel loading at RAPP-8, advancing India’s indigenous 700 MWe nuclear programme

    Initial fuel loading at Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Unit 8 marks the start of commissioning of India’s fourth indigenous 700 MWe pressurised heavy water reactor.

    • RAPP-8 is located at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan and is a 700 MWe pressurised heavy water reactor.
    • Initial fuel loading at RAPP-8 began on September 19, 2026, after Atomic Energy Regulatory Board permission.
    • First Approach to Criticality is the next major milestone after fuel loading, before power generation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  63. Tuesday 22 September · Society

    India launches 7th National Formulary of India 2026 and approves biovigilance programme for transplant-related adverse events

    The Health Ministry unveiled updated medicine-safety guidance, a medical-device adverse-event framework and expanded surveillance of adverse events linked to organ and tissue transplantation.

    • National Formulary of India 2026 contains 34 chapters, 20 appendices and 653 drugs, including 42 fixed-dose combinations and 30 immunologicals. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2312930&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The National Formulary of India has been published periodically by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission since 2009. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2312930&lang=1&reg=3))
    • Pharmacovigilance Programme of India began nationwide in July 2010; coordination shifted from AIIMS to IPC in April 2011. ([ipc.gov.in](https://ipc.gov.in/PvPI/about.html?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  64. Tuesday 22 September · Environment

    9th India International Water Week begins with focus on climate-resilient water management and global cooperation

    India opened the five-day India International Water Week 2026 in New Delhi to promote integrated, technology-enabled and climate-resilient water governance.

    • The 9th India International Water Week 2026 is scheduled for 22–26 September 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
    • The official theme of India International Water Week 2026 is “Climate Resilient Water Management.”
    • The Netherlands and Germany are participating as partner countries in India International Water Week 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  65. Wednesday 23 September · Polity

    Supreme Court to examine whether refusal to sing Vande Mataram can attract criminal penalties

    The Court held that the government may prescribe the National Song’s format but indicated that conscientious objectors cannot face penal action, invoking constitutional freedoms and the Bijoe Emmanuel precedent.

    • The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act was enacted in 1971 to protect specified national symbols and public ceremonies.
    • Section 3 of the 1971 Act punishes intentional prevention or disturbance of an assembly engaged in singing the National Anthem.
    • The 2026 amendment extended Section 3 protection to the National Song, according to the pending Supreme Court challenge.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  66. Wednesday 23 September · Economy

    Mines Ministry to launch incentive scheme for domestic lithium and nickel processing

    India plans a new incentive scheme and four critical-mineral processing parks to build an integrated value chain and reduce dependence on imported processed lithium and nickel.

    • National Critical Mineral Mission was approved on 29 January 2025 with ₹16,300 crore outlay, including ₹2,600 crore budgetary support.
    • The National Critical Mineral Mission runs up to financial year 2030-31 and covers exploration, mining, processing and recycling.
    • Four Critical Mineral Processing Parks are being supported in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Odisha.

    GS-IIGS-III

  67. Wednesday 23 September · Polity

    Supreme Court delivers split verdict on challenge to 2023 law governing appointment of CEC and Election Commissioners

    The matter has been placed before the Chief Justice of India after a two-judge Bench differed on whether it should go to a five-judge Constitution Bench.

    • Article 324 vests superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, President and Vice-President in the Election Commission.
    • The 2023 Act was enacted on December 28, 2023 as Act No. 49 of 2023.
    • The current selection committee comprises the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister and the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  68. Wednesday 23 September · Economy and Infrastructure

    Next phase of UDAN launched with 21 Centre–State MoUs and Challenge Mode for aerodrome development

    The Civil Aviation Ministry has moved the regional-connectivity scheme into implementation, targeting 120 new destinations and four crore additional passengers over the next decade.

    • UDAN means Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik and was launched in 2016 for regional air connectivity.
    • The next UDAN phase covers 2026–2036 and targets 120 new destinations and four crore additional passengers.
    • Twenty-one MoUs were signed with States and Union Territories on 22 September 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  69. Thursday 24 September · International Relations and Economy

    India-led BRICS tax track establishes new working groups on international taxation and revenue statistics

    BRICS tax authorities adopted the 2026 Tax Progress Report and created India-led platforms to coordinate on international taxation, transfer pricing and revenue data.

    • BRICS tax authorities meeting in New Delhi on 23 September 2026 involved ten member tax administrations, including India and China.
    • India-led working groups were created on International Taxation and Transfer Pricing, and on Revenue Statistics.
    • The BRICS Tax Progress Report 2026 records the outcomes of India’s chairship of the tax cooperation track.

    GS-IIGS-III

  70. Thursday 24 September · Polity

    Supreme Court mandates prior judicial approval for re-arrest after an unconstitutional arrest

    The Court ruled that violation of Article 22 safeguards makes an arrest unconstitutional and prevents investigating agencies from independently re-arresting the accused.

    • Article 22(1) requires communication of arrest grounds; Article 22(2) requires production before a Magistrate within 24 hours.
    • The Supreme Court delivered Jaskaran Jeet Singh Deol v. State of Punjab through Justices Ujjal Bhuyan and Atul S. Chandurkar.
    • Release after an unconstitutional arrest is release from illegal detention, not ordinary bail granted on conditions.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  71. Thursday 24 September · International Relations

    At UNGA 81, Jaishankar calls for stronger Global South solidarity and greater decision-making space

    India urged developing countries to act collectively to address global crises and correct their limited representation in international decision-making institutions.

    • The first Voice of Global South Summit was hosted virtually by India on 12–13 January 2023 under the theme Unity of Voice, Unity of Purpose.
    • The first Voice of Global South Summit involved 125 countries from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean and Oceania.
    • The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly.

    GS-II

  72. Friday 25 September · Economy / Science & Technology

    Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028

    The proposed policy addresses grid stability, renewable-energy integration, transmission expansion and power-sector financial viability, alongside efforts to reduce imported chip dependence in smart meters.

    • The first National Electricity Policy was notified in February 2005 under the Electricity Act, 2003. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216661&lang=1&reg=1&utm_source=openai))
    • The draft National Electricity Policy 2026 was released for stakeholder consultation in January 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216661&lang=1&reg=1&utm_source=openai))
    • The Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme sanctioned 20.33 crore smart meters; 5.73 crore were installed under it. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/domestic-chip-mandate-for-smart-meters-by-mid-2028-power-secretary-pankaj-agarwal-10892821/lite/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  73. Friday 25 September · International Relations / Defence

    INS Trishul reaches Toulon for the 24th India-France bilateral naval exercise Varuna

    The deployment strengthens India-France maritime interoperability through harbour and sea engagements, cross-deck visits and operational interactions.

    • INS Trishul arrived at Toulon on 22 September 2026 for the 24th edition of Varuna. Source: PIB, 2026.
    • Varuna is a bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and French Navy, begun in 2001.
    • The 2024 Varuna edition was held in the Mediterranean Sea from 2 to 4 September.

    GS-IIGS-III

  74. Friday 25 September · Polity and Governance

    President returns West Bengal’s Anti-Goonda Bill for reconsideration over overlap with central narcotics law

    The President returned the West Bengal Public Safety and Control of Anti-Social Activities Bill, 2026 after the Centre flagged overlap with the PITNDPS Act’s preventive-detention framework.

    • The PITNDPS Act, 1988 is a central law providing detention to prevent illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
    • Article 200 deals with Governor’s assent to State Bills, including reservation of certain Bills for Presidential consideration.
    • Under Article 201, the President may return a non-Money Bill to the State Legislature for reconsideration.

    GS-II

  75. Saturday 26 September · Economy

    CGTMSE guarantee cover goes live on TReDS to ease MSME working-capital constraints

    The MSME Ministry has operationalised credit-guarantee support on TReDS, aiming to reduce delayed payments and improve invoice-based financing for micro and small enterprises.

    • TReDS is an RBI-regulated electronic platform for financing MSME trade receivables and became operational in 2017.
    • CGTMSE guarantee cover on TReDS is available through M1xchange, RXIL and DTX (KredX), according to the Ministry of MSME.
    • The new facility requires both buyer and seller to be Micro or Small Enterprises, not merely any MSME combination.

    GS-IIGS-III

  76. Sunday 27 September · Polity

    ECI orders legal-compliance review of voter-roll software and local verification of flagged electors

    The Election Commission has constituted a review panel, including an independent technology expert, amid controversy over voter-list changes and the Special Intensive Revision process.

    • Article 324(1) places preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of elections under the superintendence, direction and control of the ECI.
    • The Representation of the People Act, 1950 provides the statutory framework for electoral-roll preparation and revision.
    • The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 prescribe procedures for preparing, revising and publishing electoral rolls.

    GS-II

  77. Sunday 27 September · Polity/Internal Security

    Centre extends AFSPA for six months in Manipur, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh from October 1

    The extension keeps the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act in force amid continuing security concerns in the Northeast, with limited exclusions in Manipur.

    • The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act was enacted in 1958 and is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Under Section 3, the Central Government or State Governor may declare an area a disturbed area.
    • Section 4 allows specified armed-forces personnel to use special powers in a disturbed area.

    GS-IIGS-III

  78. Monday 28 September · International Relations

    India–US talks focus on new Russia-Iran sanctions law, energy security and freedom of navigation

    Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met a bipartisan US Congressional delegation amid concerns over the impact of the newly enacted Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act on India’s energy and strategic interests.

    • The Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act became Public Law 119-111 on September 18, 2026.
    • Section 113 concerns duties on countries purchasing Russian-origin crude oil or natural gas or facilitating sanctions evasion.
    • Section 201 of the 2026 Act extends the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, linking Russia-related and Iran-related measures.

    GS-IIGS-III

  79. Monday 28 September · Science and Technology

    Government backs 210 nanomedicine R&D projects with ₹174 crore at World Congress on Nanomedicine

    The Department of Biotechnology’s support for 210 nanomedicine projects highlights India’s push towards precision medicine, targeted drug delivery and indigenous healthcare innovation.

    • The Department of Biotechnology is supporting 210 nanomedicine research and development projects with ₹174 crore, announced September 27, 2026.
    • Nanotechnology generally concerns materials below 100 nanometres; one nanometre equals one-billionth of a metre.
    • The World Congress on Nanomedicine 2026 was held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, on September 27, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  80. Monday 28 September · International Relations and Defence

    India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties

    The two countries expanded cooperation in military training, exercises, peacekeeping, medical support and defence-industrial collaboration.

    • The second India–Ethiopia Joint Defence Cooperation meeting was held in Addis Ababa on September 28, 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The Defence Cooperation Memorandum of Understanding between India and Ethiopia was signed in February 2025. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The first Joint Defence Cooperation meeting under this framework took place in New Delhi in October 2025. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IIGS-III

  81. Tuesday 29 September · Polity

    J&K Assembly passes resolution seeking immediate restoration of full statehood

    The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution urging the Centre to restore full statehood, amid BJP protests and a walkout.

    • The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh from the former state.
    • The Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory Assembly cannot legislate on public order and police under the 2019 Reorganisation Act.
    • The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed the statehood resolution by voice vote on September 28, 2026.

    GS-II

  82. Tuesday 29 September · Economy

    Supreme Court declines interim stay on 0.4% MDR for specified UPI payments above ₹2,000

    The Court allowed the new merchant-discount framework to proceed from October 15 while seeking counter-affidavits from the Centre and other respondents.

    • Merchant Discount Rate is a payment-ecosystem charge, not a tax collected by the government or the National Payments Corporation of India.
    • All person-to-person UPI transactions remain free under the September 2026 government clarification, irrespective of amount.
    • Specified person-to-merchant UPI payments above ₹2,000 attract 0.4% Merchant Discount Rate from October 15, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  83. Tuesday 29 September · Polity and Society

    Supreme Court orders four-week Delhi-NCR safety audit and district-wise vulnerability mapping after recent sexual-offence cases

    The Court directed dedicated police teams, intensified patrolling, and lighting-CCTV audits of vulnerable public spaces, transport hubs and parks.

    • Article 21 protects life and personal liberty; the Court linked dignity and safe public spaces to this constitutional guarantee in 2026.
    • The 2026 order requires Delhi district teams headed by officers not below Deputy Superintendent of Police rank.
    • The vulnerability audit must use National Crime Records Bureau data, local intelligence, complaints and previous incidents.

    GS-IIGS-IV

  84. Wednesday 30 September · Defence and International Relations

    Navy’s 2026 Commanders’ Conference sets focus on maritime surveillance, grey-zone threats and 18-warship induction

    India outlined a stronger Indian Ocean security posture, linking blue-water capability and sea-lane protection with energy security and indigenous defence production.

    • The second Indian Navy Commanders’ Conference 2026 was held at Nausena Bhawan, New Delhi, from 29 September to 1 October 2026.
    • The Defence Minister identified congestion, deception and grey-zone activities as major contemporary maritime-security challenges in 2026.
    • The Navy plans to induct or commission 18 warships in 2026, described as its largest single-year force accretion.

    GS-IIGS-III

  85. Wednesday 30 September · Environment

    NGT forms four-member committee to investigate encroachments and illegal salt pans at Sambhar Lake

    The National Green Tribunal ordered an on-ground inspection of Rajasthan’s Sambhar Lake following allegations of encroachment, unauthorised salt production, groundwater extraction and disruption of natural inflows.

    • Sambhar Lake is Ramsar Site No. 464, designated on March 23, 1990, with an area of about 24,000 hectares. ([rsis.ramsar.org](https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • Sambhar is a large, shallow inland saline wetland in Rajasthan, fed by seasonal rivers and streams and supporting wintering waterbirds. ([rsis.ramsar.org](https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 requires the Tribunal to apply sustainable development, precautionary principle and polluter pays principle. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

Mains questions

  1. Discuss the constitutional and institutional mechanisms for resolving inter-state river-water disputes in India. Bihar and Jharkhand sign MoU to resolve long-standing Sone River water-sharing dispute
  2. Examine the scope and limitations of the Supreme Court’s power under Article 142 of the Constitution. Supreme Court quashes nationwide FIRs against NEET-UG 2026 protesters under Article 142
  3. Discuss the constitutional balance between the right to peaceful protest and public order in India. Supreme Court quashes nationwide FIRs against NEET-UG 2026 protesters under Article 142
  4. Discuss the significance of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation for India’s engagement with Central Asia. 26th SCO Summit adopts Bishkek Declaration; English added as an official language
  5. Regional organisations often suffer from a gap between declarations and implementation. Examine this challenge with reference to the SCO. 26th SCO Summit adopts Bishkek Declaration; English added as an official language
  6. Examine how the DABUS decision reflects the relationship between administrative interpretation and legislative policy-making in India. India’s Copyright Office rejects DABUS as an AI author but recognises originality of the generated artwork
  7. Originality, authorship and ownership are distinct concepts under copyright law. Explain using the Indian Copyright Office’s DABUS decision. India’s Copyright Office rejects DABUS as an AI author but recognises originality of the generated artwork
  8. The Indus Waters Treaty has survived prolonged India-Pakistan hostility, but its institutional design is now under stress. Discuss. Permanent Court of Arbitration rules India’s ‘abeyance’ of Indus Waters Treaty impermissible; New Delhi rejects award
  9. Can a state unilaterally suspend an international treaty on national-security grounds? Discuss with reference to the Indus Waters dispute. Permanent Court of Arbitration rules India’s ‘abeyance’ of Indus Waters Treaty impermissible; New Delhi rejects award
  10. What institutional and governance reforms are required for successful implementation of large technology missions? India issues notifications for all six pillars of Semicon 2.0 to build an end-to-end semiconductor ecosystem
  11. Cooperative federalism is indispensable for resolving India’s water-security challenges. Discuss. National Water Summit calls for AI-enabled water data governance and time-bound Centre–State action
  12. Discuss the significance of Chabahar Port for India’s connectivity strategy and Afghanistan’s access to regional markets. India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group reviews customs, trader visas, banking and Chabahar-linked trade connectivity
  13. India’s neighbourhood policy must combine strategic interests with humanitarian and developmental concerns. Discuss in the context of Afghanistan. India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group reviews customs, trader visas, banking and Chabahar-linked trade connectivity
  14. The power of a statutory body is limited by the statute that creates it. Discuss with reference to the Supreme Court’s NALSAR ruling. Supreme Court rules Bar Council bodies cannot discipline law students before advocate enrolment
  15. How can cooperative federalism improve the implementation of India’s renewable-energy targets? India curtails nearly 11 TWh of solar generation as grid and storage bottlenecks deepen
  16. India’s strategic autonomy is best secured through credible international collaboration. Discuss in the context of India–Belgium defence cooperation. India and Belgium agree to deepen defence, clean-energy, critical-minerals and semiconductor cooperation
  17. Examine the significance of India’s partnerships with European countries for resilient supply chains and technology security. India and Belgium agree to deepen defence, clean-energy, critical-minerals and semiconductor cooperation
  18. Defence diplomacy is increasingly becoming an instrument of India’s foreign policy. Discuss with reference to the RAKSHA roadmap. Defence Minister releases ‘RAKSHA’, India’s 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy
  19. How can India act as a Net Security Provider in the Indian Ocean without appearing hegemonic? Defence Minister releases ‘RAKSHA’, India’s 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy
  20. Police reforms in India require insulation from political interference without undermining democratic accountability. Discuss. Supreme Court says Jharkhand’s DGP appointment one day before retirement violated six-month tenure rule
  21. Judicial directions can catalyse governance reform, but cannot substitute for legislative action. Examine with reference to police reforms. Supreme Court says Jharkhand’s DGP appointment one day before retirement violated six-month tenure rule
  22. Humanitarian assistance is increasingly becoming an instrument of neighbourhood diplomacy. Discuss with reference to India’s response to disasters in Nepal. India rescues 166 nationals from Nepal floods; 275 Indians remain missing, MEA says
  23. How can India improve protection of its nationals during disasters abroad without appearing interventionist? India rescues 166 nationals from Nepal floods; 275 Indians remain missing, MEA says
  24. Cooperative federalism is essential for managing disasters that cross administrative boundaries. Discuss. Union Home Secretary reviews Himalayan States’ preparedness for GLOFs and snow avalanches
  25. India’s trade agreements must secure market access without compromising domestic livelihoods. Discuss in the context of the proposed India–United States trade agreement. India sets preferential-tariff condition for finalising proposed trade agreement with the United States
  26. Preferential trade agreements can promote exports but may also fragment the multilateral trading system. Examine. India sets preferential-tariff condition for finalising proposed trade agreement with the United States
  27. Discuss how population census data strengthens democratic governance and welfare delivery in India. What safeguards are necessary in a digital census? Census 2027 population enumeration begins in Ladakh and other snow-bound Himalayan areas
  28. Privacy is not merely secrecy but control over the use of personal information. Examine this principle in the context of Census 2027. Census 2027 population enumeration begins in Ladakh and other snow-bound Himalayan areas
  29. India–China border management requires both dialogue and deterrence. Discuss. India–China to hold Corps Commander-level talks in the Northeast amid renewed border-management efforts
  30. Confidence-building measures can manage conflict but cannot resolve disputes. Discuss in the context of India–China relations. India–China to hold Corps Commander-level talks in the Northeast amid renewed border-management efforts
  31. Examine the role of institutional decentralisation in implementing environmental laws in India. National Biodiversity Authority crosses ₹200 crore in Access and Benefit-Sharing disbursements
  32. Examine the challenges of cooperative federalism in combating narcotics trafficking in India. Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’
  33. A humane drug policy must balance supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction. Discuss. Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’
  34. Discuss the challenges posed by China’s upstream hydroelectric projects for India’s water security and neighbourhood diplomacy. China continues Yarlung Zangbo mega-dam project despite renewed seismic, ecological and downstream concerns
  35. How should India balance strategic preparedness with cooperation in managing transboundary rivers? China continues Yarlung Zangbo mega-dam project despite renewed seismic, ecological and downstream concerns
  36. Discuss the significance of institutional design in regulating emerging technologies. ISRO rejects privatisation claims after nine employee associations seek clarity on transfer of core functions
  37. Maps are not merely geographical tools; they are also instruments of power and perception. Discuss. India backs UN equal-area map resolution but rejects any inaccurate depiction of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
  38. Discuss the challenges of balancing scientific cartographic accuracy with political sensitivities relating to disputed territories. India backs UN equal-area map resolution but rejects any inaccurate depiction of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
  39. Discuss the role of the GST Council in promoting cooperative federalism in India. 57th GST Council meeting rescheduled to October 7, with focus on input-tax credit and litigation reforms
  40. Discuss how decentralised innovation ecosystems can promote inclusive growth in India. RISE Conclave 2026 records eight MoUs and four technology transfers to accelerate lab-to-market innovation
  41. Discuss the institutional and accountability challenges involved in large-scale defence procurement. Defence Acquisition Council grants in-principle approval for ₹1.10 lakh crore of military procurement
  42. Discuss how emerging technologies are transforming India’s foreign policy and strategic autonomy. India joins US-led initiative with 24 other countries to shape next-generation 6G networks
  43. Discuss the role of cooperative federalism and public–private partnership in modernising India’s vocational education system. PM-SETU approves over ₹735 crore for ITI clusters in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana
  44. Discuss the opportunities and risks of international development institutions advising state governments on infrastructure projects. ADB signs first transaction-advisory agreement in India to structure Madhya Pradesh renewable-energy PPPs
  45. India-Japan defence cooperation is moving from symbolism to operational partnership. Discuss. India and Japan begin Veer Guardian 2026 air exercise featuring IAF Rafale, Su-30MKI and Tejas
  46. How do parliamentary financial committees strengthen legislative control over public expenditure in India? Discuss with reference to the Public Accounts Committee. PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds
  47. Fiscal transparency is essential for democratic accountability. Examine the statement in the context of Union Government accounts. PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds
  48. Discuss the role of Anganwadi Centres in addressing malnutrition and promoting early childhood development in India. Ninth Rashtriya Poshan Maah launched with focus on Anganwadi accountability and protein-rich diets
  49. Nutrition outcomes depend on more than food availability. Examine the statement in the context of India’s nutrition policy. Ninth Rashtriya Poshan Maah launched with focus on Anganwadi accountability and protein-rich diets
  50. Investment in early childhood nutrition is an investment in India’s human capital. Discuss. Ninth Rashtriya Poshan Maah launched with focus on Anganwadi accountability and protein-rich diets
  51. Discuss whether the marital-rape exception is compatible with the constitutional guarantees of equality, dignity and personal liberty. Supreme Court to examine whether marital-rape prosecution can proceed before deciding the constitutional validity of the BNS exception
  52. Examine the tension between judicial interpretation and legislative policy in criminal-law reform. Supreme Court to examine whether marital-rape prosecution can proceed before deciding the constitutional validity of the BNS exception
  53. Examine the role of international cooperation in ensuring peaceful, sustainable and inclusive use of outer space. PM Modi sets 2035 target for Indian space station and 2040 target for an Indian Moon mission
  54. BRICS is increasingly projected as a platform for a more representative global order. Examine India’s opportunities and constraints during its 2026 chairship. India’s BRICS 2026 chairship moves into summit phase ahead of the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
  55. How can international groupings such as BRICS contribute to India’s pursuit of strategic autonomy? India’s BRICS 2026 chairship moves into summit phase ahead of the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
  56. Discuss how digital platforms can create new forms of unfair trade practice and examine India’s regulatory response. India notifies Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Amendment Rules, 2026; dark-pattern audits and price-transparency norms mandated
  57. How can India balance ease of doing business with stronger accountability of e-commerce platforms? India notifies Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Amendment Rules, 2026; dark-pattern audits and price-transparency norms mandated
  58. The Strait of Hormuz is a geopolitical chokepoint with global economic consequences. Discuss its significance for India’s energy security. Iran–US attacks on commercial shipping trigger a fresh escalation around the Strait of Hormuz and push Brent crude above $100
  59. Freedom of navigation is essential for global commerce, but military protection of sea lanes can intensify conflict. Discuss. Iran–US attacks on commercial shipping trigger a fresh escalation around the Strait of Hormuz and push Brent crude above $100
  60. Examine the significance of the India–EU economic relationship for India’s strategic autonomy and supply-chain resilience. European Commission sends India–EU Free Trade Agreement to Council for signature and conclusion
  61. Explain the institutional process through which a major trade agreement of the European Union moves from negotiation to entry into force. European Commission sends India–EU Free Trade Agreement to Council for signature and conclusion
  62. Discuss how cooperative federalism can help resolve inter-state boundary disputes in India. Illustrate with the Tripura–Mizoram example. Tripura and Mizoram agree to maintain status quo and begin technical process for boundary settlement
  63. Examine the constitutional and institutional mechanisms available for resolving disputes between states in India. Tripura and Mizoram agree to maintain status quo and begin technical process for boundary settlement
  64. Discuss the major challenges in India–China relations and examine whether dialogue can produce durable border peace. Modi-Xi meeting on September 12 signals a cautious India-China reset, with focus on stabilising ties and expanding cooperation
  65. India’s foreign policy is guided by strategic autonomy rather than permanent alignment. Discuss with reference to India–China relations. Modi-Xi meeting on September 12 signals a cautious India-China reset, with focus on stabilising ties and expanding cooperation
  66. The regulation of foreign contributions must balance national security with civil-society autonomy. Discuss. JPC to begin scrutiny of FCRA Amendment Bill on September 18 amid concerns over executive control of NGO assets
  67. Examine the role of parliamentary committees in improving the quality and legitimacy of legislation. JPC to begin scrutiny of FCRA Amendment Bill on September 18 amid concerns over executive control of NGO assets
  68. India’s counter-terrorism diplomacy increasingly seeks multilateral support. Discuss with reference to the 2026 BRICS New Delhi Declaration. 18th BRICS Summit adopts New Delhi Declaration condemning the Pahalgam attack and calling for zero tolerance towards terrorism
  69. What are the possibilities and limitations of BRICS as a platform for global security cooperation? 18th BRICS Summit adopts New Delhi Declaration condemning the Pahalgam attack and calling for zero tolerance towards terrorism
  70. How can India reconcile strategic autonomy with the need for collective action against terrorism? 18th BRICS Summit adopts New Delhi Declaration condemning the Pahalgam attack and calling for zero tolerance towards terrorism
  71. River floods are basin problems but governance remains territorially fragmented. Discuss the implications for Bihar. Bihar floods affect 47.92 lakh people across 15 districts as several rivers remain above danger levels
  72. India-Russia relations have shown resilience despite geopolitical changes. Discuss the opportunities and challenges before this partnership. Modi-Putin BRICS sidelines meeting reviews cooperation in defence, energy, space and critical sectors
  73. How can India use strategic autonomy to balance relations with Russia and other major powers? Modi-Putin BRICS sidelines meeting reviews cooperation in defence, energy, space and critical sectors
  74. Discuss the role of international cooperation in combating transnational wildlife trafficking. Indonesia begins preparations to repatriate five baby orangutans rescued in Odisha amid suspected trafficking probe
  75. Discuss the significance of regional maritime-security mechanisms such as the Colombo Security Conclave for India’s security interests in the Indian Ocean. Colombo Security Conclave table-top exercise concludes in Visakhapatnam, strengthening coordinated maritime responses in the Indian Ocean
  76. India’s MAHASAGAR vision reflects an expansion of its regional role from security provider to development partner. Discuss. Colombo Security Conclave table-top exercise concludes in Visakhapatnam, strengthening coordinated maritime responses in the Indian Ocean
  77. Examine the role of the Reserve Bank of India in regulating complex financial conglomerates and preventing systemic risk. RBI rejects Tata Sons’ request to surrender NBFC registration, keeping pressure on the group to comply with upper-layer NBFC rules
  78. Examine how expanding employer-linked social security can promote inclusive growth and formalisation in India. Cabinet raises EPFO mandatory-coverage wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000, effective September 17, 2026
  79. Digital governance can transform environmental commitments into measurable public accountability. Discuss with reference to India’s Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard. India launches Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard to track climate commitments and mission progress
  80. How does the United States tariff threat over Russian oil purchases test India’s strategic autonomy? Discuss. US Congress clears Russia sanctions bill giving Trump power to impose tariffs of up to 100% on major Russian-energy buyers, including India
  81. Can unilateral economic measures by major powers coexist with a rules-based international trading system? Analyse. US Congress clears Russia sanctions bill giving Trump power to impose tariffs of up to 100% on major Russian-energy buyers, including India
  82. Technology partnerships are essential for strategic autonomy in critical and emerging technologies. Examine with reference to semiconductors. SEMICON India 2026 launches Semicon 2.0 as India moves from semiconductor policy to commercial production
  83. Discuss how the removal of arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods reflects the balance between State power and individual liberty. CBDT removes arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods
  84. Examine the institutional and technological reforms required to ensure integrity in large-scale public examinations in India. Supreme Court presses for permanent NTA structure as Nilekani panel prepares NEET reform report
  85. Discuss the role and limitations of judicial intervention in improving administrative institutions. Supreme Court presses for permanent NTA structure as Nilekani panel prepares NEET reform report
  86. The anti-defection law has promoted stability but weakened legislative deliberation. Discuss. Telangana High Court disqualifies Danam Nagender under the anti-defection law and declares Khairatabad Assembly seat vacant
  87. Should the Speaker continue to decide disqualification petitions under the Tenth Schedule? Examine. Telangana High Court disqualifies Danam Nagender under the anti-defection law and declares Khairatabad Assembly seat vacant
  88. Judicial review of legislative proceedings is essential for constitutional supremacy, but must respect institutional boundaries. Discuss with reference to recent developments. Telangana High Court disqualifies Danam Nagender under the anti-defection law and declares Khairatabad Assembly seat vacant
  89. Discuss how environmental jurisprudence has expanded the scope of fundamental rights in India. NGT climate conference launches mobile application and foregrounds climate justice, environmental jurisprudence
  90. Evaluate the role of specialised tribunals and digital governance in improving access to environmental justice. NGT climate conference launches mobile application and foregrounds climate justice, environmental jurisprudence
  91. India’s naval modernisation must balance sea denial with sea control. Examine. Keel laid for Indian Navy’s first Next Generation Missile Vessel at Cochin Shipyard
  92. Discuss the role of maritime confidence-building measures in preventing escalation between India and Pakistan. India rejects Pakistan’s account after INS Kolkata–PNS Hunain collision, citing violation of maritime norms
  93. Examine the importance of international maritime rules in ensuring safety and stability in strategically contested waters. India rejects Pakistan’s account after INS Kolkata–PNS Hunain collision, citing violation of maritime norms
  94. India’s neighbourhood policy is increasingly shaped by financial assistance. Discuss with reference to the Maldives. Maldives fully repays India-backed USD 150 million Treasury-bill facility after final USD 50 million tranche
  95. “India’s engagement with BRICS reflects both economic pragmatism and strategic autonomy.” Discuss. India’s exports to core BRICS economies rise 34% to USD 19.9 billion during April–August
  96. Economic diplomacy is increasingly shaping India’s strategic partnerships. Examine with reference to India–New Zealand relations. India–New Zealand FTA ratified; agreement to enter into force on October 20, 2026
  97. Examine the role of regulatory institutions in ensuring the safe development of nuclear energy in India. NPCIL begins fuel loading at RAPP-8, advancing India’s indigenous 700 MWe nuclear programme
  98. Discuss the importance of pharmacovigilance in ensuring safe and rational use of medicines in India. India launches 7th National Formulary of India 2026 and approves biovigilance programme for transplant-related adverse events
  99. How can India balance access to medicines with patient safety and regulatory caution? India launches 7th National Formulary of India 2026 and approves biovigilance programme for transplant-related adverse events
  100. Discuss the constitutional and administrative challenges in managing India’s inter-state water resources in an era of climate change. 9th India International Water Week begins with focus on climate-resilient water management and global cooperation
  101. Water governance must move from infrastructure creation to service delivery and public health outcomes. Examine. 9th India International Water Week begins with focus on climate-resilient water management and global cooperation
  102. Discuss how the Constitution balances freedom of conscience with respect for national symbols. Supreme Court to examine whether refusal to sing Vande Mataram can attract criminal penalties
  103. Executive instructions cannot substitute for legislation when fundamental rights are restricted. Discuss with reference to the Vande Mataram controversy. Supreme Court to examine whether refusal to sing Vande Mataram can attract criminal penalties
  104. The independence of constitutional bodies depends as much on the method of appointment as on their formal powers. Discuss with reference to the Election Commission of India. Supreme Court delivers split verdict on challenge to 2023 law governing appointment of CEC and Election Commissioners
  105. Constitutional morality requires institutions to be independent in fact and credible in perception. Examine this statement in the context of the 2023 law on appointment of Election Commissioners. Supreme Court delivers split verdict on challenge to 2023 law governing appointment of CEC and Election Commissioners
  106. Judicial review of parliamentary law-making must preserve both institutional independence and legislative space. Discuss. Supreme Court delivers split verdict on challenge to 2023 law governing appointment of CEC and Election Commissioners
  107. How can cooperative federalism improve infrastructure delivery in India? Explain with reference to the next phase of UDAN. Next phase of UDAN launched with 21 Centre–State MoUs and Challenge Mode for aerodrome development
  108. Discuss how India can use plurilateral platforms such as BRICS to shape a more inclusive international tax order. India-led BRICS tax track establishes new working groups on international taxation and revenue statistics
  109. Constitutional safeguards against arrest are essential to reconcile individual liberty with the needs of criminal investigation. Discuss. Supreme Court mandates prior judicial approval for re-arrest after an unconstitutional arrest
  110. The Constitution is not merely a charter of rights but also a framework for administrative accountability. Examine with reference to arrest safeguards. Supreme Court mandates prior judicial approval for re-arrest after an unconstitutional arrest
  111. The Global South is in the front row of global crises but in the back row of decision-making. Discuss. At UNGA 81, Jaishankar calls for stronger Global South solidarity and greater decision-making space
  112. India’s foreign policy increasingly seeks to articulate the concerns of developing countries. Examine the opportunities and challenges involved. At UNGA 81, Jaishankar calls for stronger Global South solidarity and greater decision-making space
  113. Strategic autonomy is compatible with stronger multilateralism. Analyse in the context of India’s Global South diplomacy. At UNGA 81, Jaishankar calls for stronger Global South solidarity and greater decision-making space
  114. Cooperative federalism is essential for electricity-sector reform in India. Discuss with reference to the Draft National Electricity Policy 2026. Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028
  115. India-France relations have acquired strategic depth in recent years. Examine the role of defence and maritime cooperation in this transformation. INS Trishul reaches Toulon for the 24th India-France bilateral naval exercise Varuna
  116. Discuss the constitutional relationship between Articles 200, 201 and 254 in resolving conflicts between State and central legislation. President returns West Bengal’s Anti-Goonda Bill for reconsideration over overlap with central narcotics law
  117. Preventive detention is an exception to the rule of personal liberty. Examine the safeguards and risks involved. President returns West Bengal’s Anti-Goonda Bill for reconsideration over overlap with central narcotics law
  118. How should India balance State-specific public-order legislation with Parliament’s specialised criminal laws? President returns West Bengal’s Anti-Goonda Bill for reconsideration over overlap with central narcotics law
  119. Delayed payments to MSMEs are both an economic and governance problem. Discuss. CGTMSE guarantee cover goes live on TReDS to ease MSME working-capital constraints
  120. Discuss the constitutional and administrative safeguards necessary to ensure accuracy without disenfranchisement during electoral-roll revision. ECI orders legal-compliance review of voter-roll software and local verification of flagged electors
  121. How can technology improve electoral governance while protecting privacy, equality and institutional accountability? ECI orders legal-compliance review of voter-roll software and local verification of flagged electors
  122. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act is necessary for national security but raises serious constitutional and human-rights concerns. Discuss. Centre extends AFSPA for six months in Manipur, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh from October 1
  123. Examine the implications of AFSPA for Centre-State relations and cooperative federalism in India. Centre extends AFSPA for six months in Manipur, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh from October 1
  124. India’s strategic autonomy is increasingly tested by the use of economic instruments in international relations. Discuss. India–US talks focus on new Russia-Iran sanctions law, energy security and freedom of navigation
  125. Freedom of navigation is essential for India’s economic and strategic interests. Examine. India–US talks focus on new Russia-Iran sanctions law, energy security and freedom of navigation
  126. How can India convert scientific research into affordable healthcare innovation? Discuss with reference to nanomedicine. Government backs 210 nanomedicine R&D projects with ₹174 crore at World Congress on Nanomedicine
  127. Discuss the role of government in promoting frontier technologies while protecting citizens from unintended consequences. Government backs 210 nanomedicine R&D projects with ₹174 crore at World Congress on Nanomedicine
  128. India’s engagement with Africa is shifting from political solidarity to institutional and capacity-building partnerships. Discuss with reference to India–Ethiopia relations. India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties
  129. The Horn of Africa has significance beyond its geography. Examine its relevance for India’s foreign and security policy. India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties
  130. International peacekeeping requires more than troop deployment. Explain the role of training, medical support and institutional cooperation. India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties
  131. Discuss how the demand for restoration of full statehood in Jammu and Kashmir reflects the tension between national security and federal democracy. J&K Assembly passes resolution seeking immediate restoration of full statehood
  132. Explain the constitutional position of Union Territories with legislatures in India. How does Jammu and Kashmir illustrate the opportunities and limitations of this model? J&K Assembly passes resolution seeking immediate restoration of full statehood
  133. Examine the significance of judicial review in regulating technologically complex economic policies. Supreme Court declines interim stay on 0.4% MDR for specified UPI payments above ₹2,000
  134. Discuss the expanding meaning of Article 21 in ensuring safe and accessible public spaces. Supreme Court orders four-week Delhi-NCR safety audit and district-wise vulnerability mapping after recent sexual-offence cases
  135. Crime prevention requires more than stricter laws. Examine the institutional measures needed to improve women’s safety in cities. Supreme Court orders four-week Delhi-NCR safety audit and district-wise vulnerability mapping after recent sexual-offence cases
  136. India’s maritime security is inseparable from its energy and economic security. Discuss. Navy’s 2026 Commanders’ Conference sets focus on maritime surveillance, grey-zone threats and 18-warship induction
  137. Examine the role of specialised environmental tribunals in enforcing environmental governance in India. NGT forms four-member committee to investigate encroachments and illegal salt pans at Sambhar Lake

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