Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk
Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk

September 2026

GS3 · Economy, environment, science and security

  1. Tuesday 1 September · Economy

    India’s real GDP grows 7.8% in Q1 FY2026–27, exceeding RBI projections

    Official data showed robust April–June growth despite global headwinds, with manufacturing and services supporting economic momentum.

    • Real gross domestic product grew 7.8% in India's first quarter of financial year 2026-27, against 6.9% a year earlier. ([static.pib.gov.in](https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2026/aug/doc_9745_20260831_15364001.pdf))
    • Nominal gross domestic product reached approximately ₹88.27 lakh crore and grew 10.3% in the first quarter. ([static.pib.gov.in](https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2026/aug/doc_9745_20260831_15364001.pdf))
    • Real gross value added grew 8.2%; it measures sectoral value addition and excludes net product taxes from gross domestic product. ([static.pib.gov.in](https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2026/aug/doc_9745_20260831_15364001.pdf))

    GS-III

  2. Tuesday 1 September · Polity and Governance

    Bihar and Jharkhand sign MoU to resolve long-standing Sone River water-sharing dispute

    The inter-state agreement aims to improve irrigation and drinking-water availability while highlighting cooperative federalism in river-water governance.

    • The Sone is an important right-bank tributary of the Ganga and joins it about 16 kilometres upstream of Patna.
    • The Central Water Commission records the Sone’s total length as approximately 881 kilometres.
    • The Sone originates in the Maikal highlands near Amarkantak, according to the Central Water Commission.

    GS-IIGS-III

  3. Tuesday 1 September · Environment and Economy

    IMD forecasts below-normal rainfall for September after August becomes India’s warmest on record

    The India Meteorological Department expects September rainfall to remain below 91% of the long-period average, increasing risks for kharif output, water availability and food inflation.

    • IMD forecast September 2026 rainfall below 91% of the 1971-2020 long-period average; September is the final monsoon month.
    • India’s cumulative monsoon rainfall deficit stood at 14% by August 31, 2026, while August alone had over 16% deficit.
    • August 2026 mean temperature was 28.01°C, 0.67°C above average, the highest August mean since 1901.

    GS-IGS-III

  4. Wednesday 2 September · Science & Technology / Polity

    India’s Copyright Office rejects DABUS as an AI author but recognises originality of the generated artwork

    In an August 31 order made public on September 1, the Copyright Office held that an AI system cannot be listed as an author under the Copyright Act, 1957.

    • Section 2(d)(vi) of the Copyright Act, 1957 identifies the author of a computer-generated artistic work as the person causing creation.
    • Section 13 protects original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works under the Copyright Act, 1957.
    • Section 17 generally makes the author the first owner of copyright, subject to statutory exceptions.

    GS-IIGS-III

  5. Wednesday 2 September · International Relations

    Permanent Court of Arbitration rules India’s ‘abeyance’ of Indus Waters Treaty impermissible; New Delhi rejects award

    The PCA has held that the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty remains binding and ordered interim measures concerning the Ratle hydropower project, while India rejected the tribunal’s jurisdiction.

    • The Indus Waters Treaty was signed by India and Pakistan on 19 September 1960 after World Bank-facilitated negotiations.
    • The treaty broadly assigns the eastern rivers Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India, and western rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan.
    • The Permanent Indus Commission has one Commissioner appointed by each country and oversees treaty implementation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  6. Wednesday 2 September · Science & Technology

    India issues notifications for all six pillars of Semicon 2.0 to build an end-to-end semiconductor ecosystem

    The government has operationalised all six pillars of the ₹1.275-lakh-crore Semicon 2.0 programme, expanding support from chip design and fabrication to packaging, equipment, materials, research and talent.

    • Semicon 2.0 was approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 July 2026 with a total outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2284796&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The six pillars are design; machines and materials; more fabrication factories; advanced packaging; research and development; and talent development. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2304963&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The India Semiconductor Mission is the nodal agency for applications, appraisal, recommendations and implementation oversight. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2304963&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  7. Thursday 3 September · Polity & Governance; Environment

    National Water Summit calls for AI-enabled water data governance and time-bound Centre–State action

    The first National Departmental Summit on Water concluded with a focus on cooperative federalism, sustainable drinking-water sources and integrated, technology-driven water management.

    • The National Departmental Summit on Water was organised by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and held over September 1–2, 2026.
    • The Summit identified four outcomes: infrastructure completion, water conservation as people’s participation, source sustainability and rural-scheme maintenance.
    • Jal Jeevan Mission was launched in 2019 to provide functional household tap connections with adequate, regular and prescribed-quality water.

    GS-IIGS-III

  8. Thursday 3 September · International Relations; Trade and Connectivity

    India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group reviews customs, trader visas, banking and Chabahar-linked trade connectivity

    India and Afghanistan agreed to pursue practical measures to facilitate bilateral trade and investment amid continuing regional connectivity and financial challenges.

    • The India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group on Trade, Commerce and Investment met virtually on 1 September 2026.
    • The 2026 meeting discussed customs, trader visas, banking, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, energy, investment, tariffs and port matters.
    • The 2016 Chabahar Agreement involved India, Iran and Afghanistan and established a transport and transit corridor.

    GS-IIGS-III

  9. Thursday 3 September · Environment and Economy

    India curtails nearly 11 TWh of solar generation as grid and storage bottlenecks deepen

    A sharp rise in unused solar power exposes transmission, storage and grid-flexibility gaps even as India’s electricity demand reaches record levels.

    • Curtailment means reducing renewable generation even when the plant could produce, because the grid cannot safely absorb or transmit it.
    • The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy reported 8,133 gigawatt-hours of solar curtailment during April-June 2026.
    • Peak electricity demand reached 270 gigawatts during April-June 2026, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

    GS-IIGS-III

  10. Friday 4 September · Environment

    WMO warns of a very strong El Niño persisting through February 2027

    The WMO projects near-certain persistence and further intensification of El Niño, raising risks of altered rainfall, extreme heat, floods and droughts worldwide.

    • WMO in 2026 estimated an almost 100% likelihood that the current El Niño would persist through February 2027.
    • The Niño 3.4 index was approximately 2.2–2.6°C above average from late July to mid-August 2026, according to WMO.
    • WMO forecast above-normal temperatures across almost all land areas during September–November 2026.

    GS-IGS-III

  11. Friday 4 September · International Relations

    India and Belgium agree to deepen defence, clean-energy, critical-minerals and semiconductor cooperation

    The India–Belgium summit produced a roadmap covering defence co-development, renewable energy, critical-mineral processing, IMEC–India semiconductor links and expanded trade.

    • Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever visited India from September 2–4, 2026, on his first visit after taking office in February 2025.
    • India and Belgium established diplomatic relations in 1947, and 2027 marks the eightieth anniversary of bilateral diplomatic relations.
    • The inaugural India–Belgium Strategic Dialogue was launched in Brussels on July 15, 2026, covering security, technology, trade and connectivity.

    GS-IIGS-III

  12. Friday 4 September · Science & Technology

    ISRO successfully launches EOS-05 aboard GSLV-F17, placing India’s first geostationary imaging satellite in orbit

    The successful mission strengthens India’s Earth-observation capabilities for disaster management, agriculture, weather monitoring and national security.

    • GSLV-F17 was the 19th flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, according to ISRO’s mission brochure, 2026.
    • EOS-05 is an Earth-observation spacecraft and India’s first imaging satellite intended for a geosynchronous orbit, according to ISRO, 2026.
    • The mission launched on September 4, 2026, at 2:55 AM Indian Standard Time from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

    GS-III

  13. Friday 4 September · International Relations and Defence

    Defence Minister releases ‘RAKSHA’, India’s 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy

    The framework seeks to integrate defence partnerships, military capacity building, indigenous exports and Indian Ocean maritime security into India’s foreign-policy strategy.

    • RAKSHA was released by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in New Delhi on September 3, 2026, according to PIB.
    • RAKSHA identifies strategic partnerships, capacity building, indigenous exports and maritime security as its four pillars.
    • The framework covers India’s global defence partnerships over the next ten years, according to the Ministry of Defence.

    GS-IIGS-III

  14. Saturday 5 September · International Relations

    India rescues 166 nationals from Nepal floods; 275 Indians remain missing, MEA says

    India’s evacuation and relief operation in flood-hit Nepal has acquired major consular, humanitarian-assistance and neighbourhood-diplomacy significance.

    • On September 4, 2026, MEA reported 166 Indian nationals rescued and 275 still missing after Nepal flash floods. ([newsonair.gov.in](https://newsonair.gov.in/166-indian-nationals-rescued-so-far-275-still-missing-indian-govt-in-touch-with-nepali-govt-mea/?utm_source=openai))
    • India said 1,907 Indian nationals had safely crossed into Nepal from China during the flood-related movement. ([newsonair.gov.in](https://newsonair.gov.in/166-indian-nationals-rescued-so-far-275-still-missing-indian-govt-in-touch-with-nepali-govt-mea/?utm_source=openai))
    • The Trishuli 3A hydropower project is in Nepal’s Rasuwa district, where two workers were rescued on September 4, 2026. ([apnews.com](https://apnews.com/article/82a2d39fb1385b28df79fe792c198f89))

    GS-IIGS-III

  15. Saturday 5 September · Environment & Disaster Management

    Union Home Secretary reviews Himalayan States’ preparedness for GLOFs and snow avalanches

    The Centre directed Himalayan States and Union Territories to strengthen glacial-lake monitoring, early-warning systems, evacuation plans and implementation of GLOF mitigation projects.

    • A GLOF is a sudden release of water from a glacial lake, often involving failure of a natural ice, rock or debris barrier.
    • The 3 September 2026 review covered Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
    • South Lhonak Lake breached on 4 October 2023 and triggered a devastating flood in the Teesta basin of Sikkim.

    GS-IIGS-III

  16. Saturday 5 September · Economy & International Relations

    India sets preferential-tariff condition for finalising proposed trade agreement with the United States

    Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal said India will finalise the bilateral trade deal only after Washington provides a framework ensuring preferential tariff treatment for Indian exports over competing economies.

    • A bilateral trade agreement is negotiated between two parties; it is not automatically the same as a comprehensive free trade agreement.
    • India seeks a preferential tariff advantage over competitors, not merely a general reduction in United States import duties.
    • Piyush Goyal said the first phase framework was finalised in February 2026, with tariff changes prompting further negotiations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  17. Sunday 6 September · Economy and Energy Security

    Coal India offers additional coal and road transport as 57 thermal plants report critically low stocks

    Coal India has allowed power plants to lift coal beyond annual contracts and use road transport as plant-level inventories fell to 47% of the recommended requirement.

    • Coal India Limited reported 76 million tonnes at mine-heads and 46 million tonnes ready to be mined in September 2026.
    • Central Electricity Authority data showed 57 power stations with critically low coal stocks on 4 September 2026.
    • Power stations held 27.1 million tonnes against a recommended requirement of 57.7 million tonnes on 4 September 2026.

    GS-III

  18. Sunday 6 September · International Relations and Internal Security

    India–China to hold Corps Commander-level talks in the Northeast amid renewed border-management efforts

    India and China are preparing fresh military-level talks in the Northeast, following recent Doval–Wang boundary discussions and reported tensions near Arunachal Pradesh.

    • The 25th round of India–China Special Representatives’ talks was held in Beijing on August 25, 2026.
    • Ajit Doval is India’s Special Representative, while Wang Yi represents China in the boundary dialogue.
    • Lt General Girish Kalia commands the Indian Army’s III Corps, also known as the Spear Corps.

    GS-IIGS-III

  19. Sunday 6 September · Environment and Biodiversity Governance

    National Biodiversity Authority crosses ₹200 crore in Access and Benefit-Sharing disbursements

    The NBA sanctioned ₹8.23 crore to State Biodiversity Boards and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils, taking cumulative ABS disbursements beyond ₹200 crore.

    • The National Biodiversity Authority sanctioned ₹8.23 crore to 27 State Biodiversity Boards and five Union Territory Biodiversity Councils in September 2026. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))
    • The latest Access and Benefit-Sharing release concerns bitter gourd, okra, chilli and onion resources used for research and commercial utilisation. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))
    • Funds were allocated using crop cultivation-area data because individual farmers, communities and source locations could not be identified. ([ddindia.co.in](https://ddindia.co.in/2026/09/national-biodiversity-authority-crosses-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-access-and-benefit-sharing-disbursements/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  20. Monday 7 September · Polity, Internal Security and Society

    Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’

    The Union Home Minister announced a mission-mode narcotics-control strategy combining enforcement, precursor-drug regulation, harm reduction and inter-agency coordination.

    • The three-year Drug-Free India roadmap covers July 2026 to July 2029 and has four strategic pillars.
    • The four pillars are intelligence-based enforcement, precursor and synthetic-drug control, demand and harm reduction, and coordination.
    • The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in 1985 and includes provisions on controlled substances.

    GS-IIGS-III

  21. Monday 7 September · International Relations and Environment

    China continues Yarlung Zangbo mega-dam project despite renewed seismic, ecological and downstream concerns

    Beijing’s continued prioritisation of the lower Yarlung Zangbo hydropower project near India’s frontier has renewed debate over transboundary water security and Himalayan disaster risks.

    • The Yarlung Zangbo becomes the Siang in Arunachal Pradesh and the Brahmaputra downstream in Assam before entering Bangladesh.
    • China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period is 2026–2030 and promotes a hydropower project on the lower Yarlung Zangbo.
    • The Medog project was officially announced as having begun construction in July 2025 near the Great Bend.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  22. Monday 7 September · Science & Technology

    ISRO rejects privatisation claims after nine employee associations seek clarity on transfer of core functions

    ISRO said it will remain India’s principal institution for advanced research, strategic missions and frontier space capabilities while industry scales mature technologies.

    • ISRO means Indian Space Research Organisation, India’s principal institution for advanced space research, technology development and strategic missions.
    • IN-SPACe means Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre, established in June 2020 under the Department of Space.
    • NSIL means NewSpace India Limited, incorporated on March 6, 2019, as a wholly owned government company under the Department of Space.

    GS-IIGS-III

  23. Tuesday 8 September · Economy

    57th GST Council meeting rescheduled to October 7, with focus on input-tax credit and litigation reforms

    The GST Council’s first meeting since the 2025 rate rationalisation has been deferred from September 12 because of the BRICS Summit, with ITC safeguards and tax administration expected on the agenda.

    • Article 279A created the GST Council through the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
    • The GST Council includes the Union Finance Minister, Union Minister of State for Revenue or Finance, and nominated State ministers.
    • Council decisions require three-fourths weighted votes; the Union has one-third and States together have two-thirds.

    GS-IIGS-III

  24. Tuesday 8 September · Science & Technology

    RISE Conclave 2026 records eight MoUs and four technology transfers to accelerate lab-to-market innovation

    The Kolkata edition of the CSIR-led RISE Conclave highlighted technology commercialisation, critical minerals and decentralised startup growth, with over half of India’s startups reportedly based outside metropolitan centres.

    • The sixth RISE Conclave 2026 was held on September 6–7 at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Salt Lake, Kolkata. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The conclave’s 4M framework means Minerals, Medicine, Materials and Machines, representing four participating CSIR laboratories. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))
    • RISE 2026 reported eight Memoranda of Understanding, four technology transfers, two product launches and one facility inauguration. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307127&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  25. Tuesday 8 September · Environment/Economy

    UK recognises India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for carbon-price relief under its CBAM

    The recognition could reduce double carbon charges on Indian steel, aluminium, fertiliser and cement exports when the UK CBAM begins in 2027.

    • The United Kingdom listed India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme as a qualifying carbon-pricing scheme in its August 27, 2026 publication.
    • United Kingdom CBAM is scheduled to take effect in January 2027 for specified carbon-intensive imported goods.
    • United Kingdom CBAM relief depends on the effective carbon price actually paid on the imported good.

    GS-IIGS-III

  26. Tuesday 8 September · Defence and Internal Security

    Defence Acquisition Council grants in-principle approval for ₹1.10 lakh crore of military procurement

    The DAC cleared a large set of Army, Navy and Air Force acquisitions, with about 98% of the approved procurement expected from Indian industry.

    • The Defence Acquisition Council gave Acceptance of Necessity for proposals estimated at about ₹1,10,000 crore on 7 September 2026.
    • Approximately 98% of the approved procurement is expected to be sourced from Indian industry, according to the Ministry of Defence.
    • Arudhra radar is intended to replace existing Air Route Surveillance Radars at various Naval Air Stations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  27. Wednesday 9 September · Science & Technology / International Relations

    India joins US-led initiative with 24 other countries to shape next-generation 6G networks

    India has entered a multilateral 6G technology initiative focused on secure, interoperable networks, innovation and strategic technology cooperation.

    • The US-led Call to Action for 6G Leadership and Security was launched in July 2026 and endorsed by more than 20 governments.
    • Bharat 6G Vision was launched in March 2023 to make India a global leader in designing, developing and deploying 6G by 2030.
    • The Bharat 6G Alliance brings together government, industry, academia, research institutions and standards organisations.

    GS-IIGS-III

  28. Wednesday 9 September · Society / Economy

    PM-SETU approves over ₹735 crore for ITI clusters in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana

    The fifth National Steering Committee meeting of PM-SETU approved industry-linked investment plans to modernise ITI infrastructure and improve employability.

    • PM-SETU means Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs; Cabinet approval came on 7 May 2025.
    • The scheme has an estimated outlay of ₹60,000 crore: Centre ₹30,000 crore, States ₹20,000 crore and industry ₹10,000 crore.
    • PM-SETU targets 1,000 government ITIs through 200 hub ITIs and 800 spoke ITIs over five years.

    GS-IIGS-III

  29. Wednesday 9 September · Economy and Environment

    ADB signs first transaction-advisory agreement in India to structure Madhya Pradesh renewable-energy PPPs

    The Asian Development Bank will help Madhya Pradesh develop three renewable-energy projects capable of attracting up to $1 billion in private investment.

    • The Asian Development Bank signed the Madhya Pradesh agreement on 7 September 2026 in Bhopal. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))
    • This is the Asian Development Bank’s first transaction advisory services mandate in India. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))
    • Three renewable-energy projects will be developed through the public-private partnership route. ([adb.org](https://www.adb.org/news/adb-support-development-renewable-energy-ppp-projects-madhya-pradesh))

    GS-IIGS-III

  30. Wednesday 9 September · International Relations and Defence

    India and Japan begin Veer Guardian 2026 air exercise featuring IAF Rafale, Su-30MKI and Tejas

    The Indian Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force will conduct a 14-day bilateral air exercise at Jodhpur to deepen operational and aerospace cooperation.

    • Veer Guardian-2026 is a bilateral air exercise between the Indian Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force at Jodhpur.
    • Veer Guardian-2026 is scheduled at Air Force Station Jodhpur from September 9 to September 22, 2026.
    • India is participating with Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, Su-30MKI and Rafale fighter aircraft.

    GS-IIGS-III

  31. Thursday 10 September · Polity and Economy

    PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds

    The Public Accounts Committee questioned Finance and Health Ministry officials over cess and levy collections not transferred to their earmarked reserve funds in 2024–25.

    • CAG Report No. 6 of 2026 found ₹9,222 crore short-transferred to four Reserve Funds during financial year 2024–25.
    • The four affected funds were IEPF, PSK, PMSSN and OIDF, with short-transfers of ₹1,105 crore, ₹1,270 crore, ₹6,646 crore and ₹201 crore.
    • Cess collections first enter the Consolidated Fund of India and move to designated Reserve Funds after Parliament approves appropriation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  32. Thursday 10 September · Science and Technology; Environment

    India launches indigenous ORV Sagar Manthan under the Deep Ocean Mission

    GRSE launched India’s advanced ocean research vessel on September 9, 2026, strengthening domestic capability for deep-sea surveys, climate research and marine-resource assessment.

    • ORV Sagar Manthan was launched at Kolkata on September 9, 2026, for NCPOR under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
    • Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers designed and built Sagar Manthan for the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research.
    • Sagar Manthan is being developed under Vertical-4, Deep Ocean Survey and Exploration, of the Deep Ocean Mission.

    GS-IGS-III

  33. Friday 11 September · Science & Technology

    PM Modi sets 2035 target for Indian space station and 2040 target for an Indian Moon mission

    Addressing the International Space Summit in Paris on September 10, 2026, the Prime Minister outlined India’s next-generation human-spaceflight roadmap and called for international cooperation on peaceful, sustainable space use.

    • The Prime Minister announced an Indian space station target for 2035 and an Indian astronaut lunar mission target for 2040 in Paris, 10 September 2026.
    • Gaganyaan seeks to carry up to three crew members to about 400 kilometres for approximately three days and return them safely.
    • The Human Space Flight Centre leads ISRO’s Gaganyaan programme and coordinates research, industry, academia and other ISRO centres.

    GS-IIGS-III

  34. Friday 11 September · International Relations

    India’s BRICS 2026 chairship moves into summit phase ahead of the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi

    India is set to host the 18th BRICS Summit on September 12–13, 2026, under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability,” with emphasis on Global South priorities.

    • BRICS began as BRIC involving Brazil, Russia, India and China; South Africa’s entry converted BRIC into BRICS.
    • The first BRIC Summit was held at Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009 after coordination intensified following the 2008 financial crisis.
    • BRICS has 11 full members in 2026: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates.

    GS-IIGS-III

  35. Friday 11 September · Polity and Society

    India notifies Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Amendment Rules, 2026; dark-pattern audits and price-transparency norms mandated

    The amended rules tighten platform accountability over search manipulation, sponsored listings, misleading discounts, dark patterns, seller disclosures and consumer grievance redressal, effective January 1, 2027.

    • The Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) (Amendment) Rules, 2026 take effect from January 1, 2027, not immediately upon notification.
    • The 2026 amendment is issued under section 101(2)(zg) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
    • The prior price for a discount means the lowest price charged during the thirty days preceding the reduction announcement.

    GS-IIGS-III

  36. Friday 11 September · International Relations and Economy

    Iran–US attacks on commercial shipping trigger a fresh escalation around the Strait of Hormuz and push Brent crude above $100

    Iran reported attacks on 10 vessels after US forces destroyed five Iranian oil tankers, intensifying risks to global energy flows and raising concerns for India’s inflation and energy security.

    • The Strait of Hormuz lies between Iran and Oman and connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea.
    • Reuters reported Brent crude settled at 107.63 dollars per barrel on September 10, 2026, after rising 6.34%. ([investing.com](https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/brent-holds-above-100-as-tanker-attacks-deepen-supply-fear-4894851))
    • Iran said it attacked 10 ships after the United States struck five Iranian oil tankers near the strait. ([investing.com](https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/brent-holds-above-100-as-tanker-attacks-deepen-supply-fear-4894851))

    GS-IIGS-III

  37. Saturday 12 September · Economy and International Relations

    European Commission sends India–EU Free Trade Agreement to Council for signature and conclusion

    The European Commission has formally forwarded the concluded India–EU FTA to the European Council, moving it into the approval and signature stage.

    • The European Commission submitted proposals to the Council for signature and conclusion of the India–EU FTA on 11 September 2026. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region_en))
    • India–EU FTA negotiations began in 2007, were suspended in 2013, and formally resumed in June 2022. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-india-kick-start-ambitious-trade-agenda-2022-06-17_en?utm_source=openai))
    • Negotiations for the Free Trade Agreement concluded on 27 January 2026, according to the European Commission. ([policy.trade.ec.europa.eu](https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/india_en?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  38. Saturday 12 September · International Relations

    Modi-Xi meeting on September 12 signals a cautious India-China reset, with focus on stabilising ties and expanding cooperation

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping held talks on the sidelines of the BRICS Summit, emphasising dialogue, mutual development and improved bilateral relations.

    • The Modi–Xi meeting occurred in New Delhi on September 12, 2026, during the 18th BRICS Summit.
    • Xi Jinping’s 2026 India visit was his first visit to India since 2019, according to Associated Press.
    • The 2020 Galwan clash in eastern Ladakh killed at least 20 Indian soldiers and four Chinese soldiers.

    GS-IIGS-III

  39. Sunday 13 September · Environment and Disaster Management

    Bihar floods affect 47.92 lakh people across 15 districts as several rivers remain above danger levels

    The expanding flood emergency highlights Bihar's recurring Ganga-basin vulnerability, riverbank-erosion risks and the need for basin-wide disaster management.

    • On September 12, 2026, Bihar reported 47.92 lakh affected people across 15 districts, 575 gram panchayats and 87 blocks. Source: ThePrint/PTI, 2026.
    • Bihar’s Water Resources Department identifies 68.80 lakh hectares as flood-prone out of 94.16 lakh hectares geographically. Source: Bihar WRD, 2026.
    • The Ganga, Kosi, Punpun and other rivers were reported above danger levels at several locations during the September 2026 flood episode.

    GS-IGS-IIGS-III

  40. Sunday 13 September · International Relations

    Modi-Putin BRICS sidelines meeting reviews cooperation in defence, energy, space and critical sectors

    India and Russia reviewed bilateral cooperation across strategic sectors and welcomed the first INNOPROM India exhibition as a platform for expanding trade and industrial ties.

    • The Modi-Putin meeting took place in New Delhi on 11 September 2026 during the 18th BRICS Summit.
    • The leaders had earlier met in Bishkek on 31 August 2026 during the 26th SCO Summit.
    • INNOPROM India was held for the first time in India from 9 to 11 September 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  41. Sunday 13 September · Environment and Biodiversity

    Indonesia begins preparations to repatriate five baby orangutans rescued in Odisha amid suspected trafficking probe

    Indonesia has approached Indian authorities and started technical preparations for repatriation after preliminary indications that the orangutans may be Sumatran animals linked to transnational wildlife trafficking.

    • Orangutans naturally occur only on Sumatra and Borneo, with Indonesia and Malaysia sharing their geographic range. ([cites.org](https://cites.org/sites/default/files/esp/com/ac/30/F-AC30-26.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The Sumatran orangutan is scientifically known as Pongo abelii and is listed as Critically Endangered. ([nc.iucnredlist.org](https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/amazing-species/pongo-abelii/pdfs/original/pongo-abelii.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus are included in CITES Appendix I and India’s protected wildlife schedules. ([cites.org](https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/1297?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  42. Monday 14 September · International Relations and Internal Security

    Colombo Security Conclave table-top exercise concludes in Visakhapatnam, strengthening coordinated maritime responses in the Indian Ocean

    The three-day exercise tested regional cooperation against maritime terrorism, narcotics trafficking, human trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.

    • The Colombo Security Conclave exercise was held at Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam, from 9 to 11 September 2026.
    • The exercise covered maritime terrorism, narcotics smuggling, human trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
    • The exercise reviewed standard operating procedures and information-sharing arrangements to strengthen collective maritime domain awareness.

    GS-IIGS-III

  43. Monday 14 September · Science and Technology, Environment and Infrastructure

    India records Guinness World Record for longest steel-slag road in Chhattisgarh, advancing waste-to-wealth infrastructure technology

    A 1.85-km road at Raigarh built with processed steel-slag aggregates highlights the potential of industrial-waste recycling in cheaper and stronger road construction.

    • The Guinness-recognised Raigarh road in Chhattisgarh is 1.85 kilometres long and has four divided lanes, PIB, 2026.
    • Approximately 200,000 tonnes of processed electric-arc-furnace steel slag were used in the Raigarh project, according to the reported project facts.
    • CSIR-Central Road Research Institute and Jindal Steel jointly pursued the Raigarh Guinness World Record project, PIB, 2026.

    GS-III

  44. Monday 14 September · Economy

    RBI rejects Tata Sons’ request to surrender NBFC registration, keeping pressure on the group to comply with upper-layer NBFC rules

    The RBI has rejected Tata Sons’ bid to deregister as a Core Investment Company, potentially requiring tighter disclosures and eventual public listing.

    • The Reserve Bank’s scale-based framework creates Base, Middle, Upper and Top Layers for non-banking financial companies.
    • Tata Sons was classified as an Upper Layer non-banking financial company in September 2022.
    • Tata Sons applied on March 28, 2024 to surrender its Certificate of Registration as a Core Investment Company.

    GS-IIGS-III

  45. Monday 14 September · Science & Technology / Agriculture

    OPU-IVF technology produces a Badri calf from a Sahiwal surrogate in Uttarakhand

    Scientists in Uttarakhand have used embryo-transfer technology to produce a healthy Badri female calf, strengthening prospects for conservation and genetic improvement of indigenous cattle.

    • A female Badri calf was born on September 11, 2026, at GB Pant University in Pantnagar through OPU-IVF technology.
    • The Badri embryo was transferred into a Sahiwal recipient cow after laboratory fertilisation and embryo culture.
    • The project involved GB Pant University, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute and Uttarakhand Biotechnology Council funding.

    GS-IIIGS-IV

  46. Friday 18 September · Economy / Society

    Cabinet raises EPFO mandatory-coverage wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000, effective September 17, 2026

    The revision is expected to bring over 51 lakh additional employees under statutory provident-fund, pension and insurance protection, widening India’s formal social-security net.

    • The Union Cabinet approved raising the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 monthly in September 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2310811&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The revised Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation wage ceiling takes effect from 17 September 2026, Vishwakarma Jayanti and Sewa Divas. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2310973&lang=2&reg=48))
    • The government expects more than 51 lakh additional employees to enter compulsory Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation coverage. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2310811&lang=2&reg=48))

    GS-IIGS-III

  47. Friday 18 September · Environment / Governance

    India launches Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard to track climate commitments and mission progress

    The new digital platforms aim to improve transparency in voluntary net-zero disclosures and enable consolidated monitoring of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change.

    • India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change was launched in 2008 and originally comprised eight core national missions.
    • The Net Zero Portal allows voluntary registration, emissions disclosure, target declaration and annual progress updates by Indian entities.
    • The portal encourages Scope 1 and Scope 2 reporting, while Scope 3 reporting remains voluntary under the announced framework.

    GS-IIGS-III

  48. Saturday 19 September · International Relations/Economy

    US Congress clears Russia sanctions bill giving Trump power to impose tariffs of up to 100% on major Russian-energy buyers, including India

    The legislation exposes Indian exports to a possible additional tariff layer over New Delhi’s continued Russian oil purchases, though no tariff is automatic yet.

    • The Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 is H.R. 5334 in the United States Congress.
    • The House passed the measure 262–159 after Senate approval by 86–11 in August 2026.
    • President Donald Trump signed H.R. 5334 into law on September 18, 2026, according to the White House.

    GS-IIGS-III

  49. Saturday 19 September · Science & Technology/Economy

    SEMICON India 2026 launches Semicon 2.0 as India moves from semiconductor policy to commercial production

    The government expanded support for design, fabs, packaging, materials, R&D and talent while inaugurating new commercial semiconductor production lines.

    • Semicon 2.0 has six pillars: design; equipment and materials; fabs; advanced packaging; applied research and development; and talent.
    • India Semiconductor Mission funding rose from USD 8 billion under Semicon 1.0 to USD 13.5 billion under Semicon 2.0.
    • CDIL Semiconductor’s Mohali line produces discrete devices, while Suchi Semicon’s Surat line undertakes packaging.

    GS-IIGS-III

  50. Saturday 19 September · Economy

    CBDT removes arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods

    The Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 2026 shift recovery of tax arrears away from personal detention towards attachment and sale of assets.

    • CBDT notified the Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 2026 on September 17, 2026, amending Rule 225.
    • Rule 225 concerns procedure for recovery of tax for purposes of sections 413 and 475 of the Income-tax Act, 2025.
    • Arrest and detention in prison were removed from the prescribed recovery modes under amended Rule 225.

    GS-IIGS-III

  51. Sunday 20 September · Environment

    India’s cheetah population rises to 56 as an India-born female gives birth to four cubs at Kuno

    The birth of four cubs to KGP12, itself born in India to a South African cheetah, marks a transition from translocation to successive generations breeding under Project Cheetah.

    • Project Cheetah began at Kuno National Park on September 17, 2022, with eight cheetahs translocated from Namibia.
    • India’s cheetah population reached 56 in September 2026, including 36 cheetahs born in India.
    • Kuno National Park houses 53 cheetahs, while three are located at Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary.

    GS-III

  52. Sunday 20 September · Environment

    NGT climate conference launches mobile application and foregrounds climate justice, environmental jurisprudence

    The two-day NGT international conference in New Delhi brought together stakeholders from 17 countries and launched an NGT mobile application focused on climate governance and access to environmental justice.

    • The National Green Tribunal was established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, which came into force on October 18, 2010. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/handle/123456789/2025?view_type=browse&utm_source=openai))
    • Section 20 requires the NGT to apply sustainable development, precautionary and polluter pays principles while deciding matters. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • An NGT award or order is executable like a civil-court decree under Section 25 of the National Green Tribunal Act. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  53. Sunday 20 September · Defence and Maritime Security

    Keel laid for Indian Navy’s first Next Generation Missile Vessel at Cochin Shipyard

    The keel-laying milestone formally advances India’s six-vessel NGMV programme, combining maritime capability enhancement with indigenous defence manufacturing.

    • The first NGMV keel was laid at Cochin Shipyard Limited, Kochi, on 18 September 2026, according to the Ministry of Defence.
    • The NGMV construction contract with Cochin Shipyard Limited was concluded in March 2023 for six vessels.
    • Cochin Shipyard Limited is the Indian shipyard constructing the six-vessel NGMV programme for the Indian Navy.

    GS-IIGS-III

  54. Monday 21 September · International Relations and Security

    India rejects Pakistan’s account after INS Kolkata–PNS Hunain collision, citing violation of maritime norms

    The MEA rejected Islamabad’s allegations and said a dangerous overtaking manoeuvre by PNS Hunain caused the collision in the western Arabian Sea.

    • INS Kolkata is an Indian Navy destroyer; PNS Hunain is a Pakistani naval vessel involved in the September 15, 2026 collision.
    • The collision occurred in the western or northern Arabian Sea, reportedly about 120 nautical miles from the Gulf of Oman.
    • Article 10 of the India–Pakistan agreement of April 1991 prescribes a three-nautical-mile separation between naval units at sea.

    GS-IIGS-III

  55. Monday 21 September · International Relations and Economy

    Maldives fully repays India-backed USD 150 million Treasury-bill facility after final USD 50 million tranche

    The Maldives cleared the final instalment of an SBI-subscribed 2019 facility, highlighting India’s neighbourhood financial support and the Maldives’ external-debt pressures.

    • The Maldives settled the final United States dollar 50 million tranche of the 2019 facility on September 17, 2026.
    • The facility totalled United States dollar 150 million and was subscribed by the State Bank of India in 2019.
    • Earlier repayments were United States dollar 50 million in January 2024 and United States dollar 50 million on May 11, 2024.

    GS-IIGS-III

  56. Monday 21 September · Environment & Disaster Management

    IMD forecasts well-marked Bay of Bengal low-pressure system to intensify into depression and deep depression within 48 hours

    The system over the northwest Bay of Bengal is expected to intensify, raising risks of heavy rainfall, flooding and disruption along eastern coastal regions.

    • The India Meteorological Department forecast the 21 September 2026 well-marked low-pressure area to become a depression and then deep depression within 48 hours. ([mausam.imd.gov.in](https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/Press%20Release%2021-09-2026.pdf))
    • The system moved west-northwestwards from the east-central Bay and was expected near the north Andhra Pradesh–south Odisha coast around 23 September 2026. ([mausam.imd.gov.in](https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/Tropical_Weather_Outlook_based_on_0300_UTC_of_21_09_2026.pdf))
    • The associated cyclonic circulation extended up to 7.6 kilometres above mean sea level on 21 September 2026. ([mausam.imd.gov.in](https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/Press%20Release%2021-09-2026.pdf))

    GS-IGS-III

  57. Monday 21 September · Economy & International Relations

    India’s exports to core BRICS economies rise 34% to USD 19.9 billion during April–August

    Exports to Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa are growing much faster than exports to the expanded BRICS grouping, strengthening the bloc’s role in India’s trade diversification strategy.

    • BRICS exports to Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa reached USD 19.9 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))
    • India’s exports to China rose 39% to USD 9.6 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))
    • India’s exports to South Africa rose 58% to USD 4.82 billion during April–August 2026. ([financialexpress.com](https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/indias-exports-to-core-brics-surge-34-as-trade-ties-get-stronger/4343410/lite/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  58. Tuesday 22 September · International Relations and Economy

    India–New Zealand FTA ratified; agreement to enter into force on October 20, 2026

    The newly ratified trade pact will provide duty-free access in New Zealand for 100% of India’s exports from the first day of implementation.

    • The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement was signed at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, on 27 April 2026.
    • The agreement enters into force on 20 October 2026 after New Zealand Parliament passed legislation on 16 September 2026.
    • New Zealand will make 100% of Indian export categories duty-free from the first day of implementation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  59. Tuesday 22 September · Science and Technology

    NPCIL begins fuel loading at RAPP-8, advancing India’s indigenous 700 MWe nuclear programme

    Initial fuel loading at Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Unit 8 marks the start of commissioning of India’s fourth indigenous 700 MWe pressurised heavy water reactor.

    • RAPP-8 is located at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan and is a 700 MWe pressurised heavy water reactor.
    • Initial fuel loading at RAPP-8 began on September 19, 2026, after Atomic Energy Regulatory Board permission.
    • First Approach to Criticality is the next major milestone after fuel loading, before power generation.

    GS-IIGS-III

  60. Tuesday 22 September · Society

    India launches 7th National Formulary of India 2026 and approves biovigilance programme for transplant-related adverse events

    The Health Ministry unveiled updated medicine-safety guidance, a medical-device adverse-event framework and expanded surveillance of adverse events linked to organ and tissue transplantation.

    • National Formulary of India 2026 contains 34 chapters, 20 appendices and 653 drugs, including 42 fixed-dose combinations and 30 immunologicals. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2312930&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The National Formulary of India has been published periodically by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission since 2009. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2312930&lang=1&reg=3))
    • Pharmacovigilance Programme of India began nationwide in July 2010; coordination shifted from AIIMS to IPC in April 2011. ([ipc.gov.in](https://ipc.gov.in/PvPI/about.html?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

  61. Tuesday 22 September · Environment

    9th India International Water Week begins with focus on climate-resilient water management and global cooperation

    India opened the five-day India International Water Week 2026 in New Delhi to promote integrated, technology-enabled and climate-resilient water governance.

    • The 9th India International Water Week 2026 is scheduled for 22–26 September 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
    • The official theme of India International Water Week 2026 is “Climate Resilient Water Management.”
    • The Netherlands and Germany are participating as partner countries in India International Water Week 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  62. Wednesday 23 September · Economy

    Mines Ministry to launch incentive scheme for domestic lithium and nickel processing

    India plans a new incentive scheme and four critical-mineral processing parks to build an integrated value chain and reduce dependence on imported processed lithium and nickel.

    • National Critical Mineral Mission was approved on 29 January 2025 with ₹16,300 crore outlay, including ₹2,600 crore budgetary support.
    • The National Critical Mineral Mission runs up to financial year 2030-31 and covers exploration, mining, processing and recycling.
    • Four Critical Mineral Processing Parks are being supported in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Odisha.

    GS-IIGS-III

  63. Wednesday 23 September · Economy and Infrastructure

    Next phase of UDAN launched with 21 Centre–State MoUs and Challenge Mode for aerodrome development

    The Civil Aviation Ministry has moved the regional-connectivity scheme into implementation, targeting 120 new destinations and four crore additional passengers over the next decade.

    • UDAN means Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik and was launched in 2016 for regional air connectivity.
    • The next UDAN phase covers 2026–2036 and targets 120 new destinations and four crore additional passengers.
    • Twenty-one MoUs were signed with States and Union Territories on 22 September 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  64. Thursday 24 September · International Relations and Economy

    India-led BRICS tax track establishes new working groups on international taxation and revenue statistics

    BRICS tax authorities adopted the 2026 Tax Progress Report and created India-led platforms to coordinate on international taxation, transfer pricing and revenue data.

    • BRICS tax authorities meeting in New Delhi on 23 September 2026 involved ten member tax administrations, including India and China.
    • India-led working groups were created on International Taxation and Transfer Pricing, and on Revenue Statistics.
    • The BRICS Tax Progress Report 2026 records the outcomes of India’s chairship of the tax cooperation track.

    GS-IIGS-III

  65. Thursday 24 September · Science and Technology; Defence

    MoD signs Rs 810.79-crore contract with BDL for 160 indigenous Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons

    The Defence Ministry contracted Bharat Dynamics Limited to supply DRDO-designed precision glide weapons for the Indian Air Force under the Buy (Indian–IDDM) category.

    • The September 23, 2026 contract covers 160 Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons and associated equipment for the Indian Air Force. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2313942&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The contract value is Rs 810.79 crore and falls under Buy (Indian–Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured). ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2313942&lang=1&reg=3))
    • Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon is an air-to-ground precision-guided glide bomb for long stand-off attacks. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2313942&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IIIGS-IV

  66. Friday 25 September · Economy / Science & Technology

    Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028

    The proposed policy addresses grid stability, renewable-energy integration, transmission expansion and power-sector financial viability, alongside efforts to reduce imported chip dependence in smart meters.

    • The first National Electricity Policy was notified in February 2005 under the Electricity Act, 2003. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216661&lang=1&reg=1&utm_source=openai))
    • The draft National Electricity Policy 2026 was released for stakeholder consultation in January 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216661&lang=1&reg=1&utm_source=openai))
    • The Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme sanctioned 20.33 crore smart meters; 5.73 crore were installed under it. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/domestic-chip-mandate-for-smart-meters-by-mid-2028-power-secretary-pankaj-agarwal-10892821/lite/))

    GS-IIGS-III

  67. Friday 25 September · International Relations / Defence

    INS Trishul reaches Toulon for the 24th India-France bilateral naval exercise Varuna

    The deployment strengthens India-France maritime interoperability through harbour and sea engagements, cross-deck visits and operational interactions.

    • INS Trishul arrived at Toulon on 22 September 2026 for the 24th edition of Varuna. Source: PIB, 2026.
    • Varuna is a bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and French Navy, begun in 2001.
    • The 2024 Varuna edition was held in the Mediterranean Sea from 2 to 4 September.

    GS-IIGS-III

  68. Friday 25 September · Economy

    Government cuts basic customs duty on crude edible oils to curb food inflation

    The Centre reduced import duties on crude sunflower, soybean and palm oils while retaining a 19.25% crude–refined duty differential.

    • Notification No. 31/2026-Customs was issued on 23 September 2026 and became effective from 24 September 2026.
    • Basic Customs Duty on crude sunflower oil was reduced from 10% to nil under the September 2026 notification.
    • Basic Customs Duty on crude soybean oil and crude palm oil was reduced from 10% to 5%.

    GS-III

  69. Saturday 26 September · Economy

    SEBI approves new settlement framework, overhauls portfolio-manager rules and widens FPI access to commodity derivatives

    SEBI’s September 24 board decisions seek to simplify securities regulation, strengthen investor protection and deepen foreign participation in Indian markets.

    • SEBI approved the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Portfolio Managers) Regulations, 2026, replacing the 2020 framework.
    • The Portfolio Managers Route for Investing in Mutual Fund Units permits direct mutual-fund and specialised investment-fund investments.
    • The minimum investment for the new portfolio-manager mutual-fund route is ₹25 lakh, according to the reported board decision.

    GS-IIIGS-IV

  70. Saturday 26 September · Science & Technology

    DRDO signs first high-value TDF start-up agreement to develop indigenous 20-millikelvin dilution refrigerator for quantum applications

    The project aims to build critical ultra-low-temperature infrastructure domestically, supporting India’s National Quantum Mission and strategic-technology ecosystem.

    • DRDO signed the agreement with Zero mK India Private Limited, an Alwar, Rajasthan-based start-up, on September 24, 2026.
    • The project targets an indigenous dilution refrigerator capable of reaching approximately 20 millikelvin for quantum applications.
    • The agreement is the first high-value project under the additional ₹500-crore Technology Development Fund corpus for advanced technologies.

    GS-III

  71. Saturday 26 September · Economy

    CGTMSE guarantee cover goes live on TReDS to ease MSME working-capital constraints

    The MSME Ministry has operationalised credit-guarantee support on TReDS, aiming to reduce delayed payments and improve invoice-based financing for micro and small enterprises.

    • TReDS is an RBI-regulated electronic platform for financing MSME trade receivables and became operational in 2017.
    • CGTMSE guarantee cover on TReDS is available through M1xchange, RXIL and DTX (KredX), according to the Ministry of MSME.
    • The new facility requires both buyer and seller to be Micro or Small Enterprises, not merely any MSME combination.

    GS-IIGS-III

  72. Saturday 26 September · Environment

    Sixth national tiger-reserve evaluation cycle begins with solid-waste management added as a separate criterion

    The Environment Ministry and NTCA launched the sixth Management Effectiveness Evaluation cycle covering all 58 tiger reserves, with new emphasis on waste management, human–wildlife coexistence and field-based outcomes.

    • MEE-TR 2026 covers all 58 tiger reserves and is organised by NTCA with the Wildlife Institute of India.
    • India’s MEE cycles were completed in 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 before the sixth cycle.
    • The six MEE elements are Context, Planning, Inputs, Processes, Outputs and Outcomes.

    GS-III

  73. Sunday 27 September · Environment and Science & Technology

    Foundation stone laid for India’s first port-based e-methanol plant at Kandla

    A ₹2,300-crore facility at Deendayal Port Authority will produce renewable-power-based e-methanol for cleaner shipping on the Asia–Europe trade corridor.

    • The Kandla facility is being established at Deendayal Port Authority in Kutch district, Gujarat, on India’s western coast.
    • The planned plant capacity is 150 tonnes per day, implemented in phases of 50 and 100 tonnes per day.
    • The project is a joint venture between Deendayal Port Authority and Assam Petro-Chemicals Ltd.

    GS-III

  74. Sunday 27 September · Polity/Internal Security

    Centre extends AFSPA for six months in Manipur, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh from October 1

    The extension keeps the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act in force amid continuing security concerns in the Northeast, with limited exclusions in Manipur.

    • The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act was enacted in 1958 and is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Under Section 3, the Central Government or State Governor may declare an area a disturbed area.
    • Section 4 allows specified armed-forces personnel to use special powers in a disturbed area.

    GS-IIGS-III

  75. Sunday 27 September · Environment/Infrastructure

    Environment panel recommends clearance for Arunachal Pradesh’s 1,605-MW Upper Subansiri hydropower project despite major forest-diversion concerns

    The proposed project could strengthen power generation and flood moderation but would require diversion of 2,733 hectares of forest land and felling of about 1.35 lakh trees.

    • Upper Subansiri is a proposed 1,605-megawatt hydropower project near Menga, about 20 kilometres from Daporijo, Arunachal Pradesh. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachals-upper-subansiri-project-gets-green-nod-recommendation-1-35-lakh-trees-at-risk-10893789/lite/))
    • The project requires approximately 2,733 hectares of forest diversion and may involve felling 1,35,733 trees, according to 2026 appraisal minutes. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachals-upper-subansiri-project-gets-green-nod-recommendation-1-35-lakh-trees-at-risk-10893789/lite/))
    • The Subansiri River is a major tributary of the Brahmaputra and hosts multiple proposed projects in a cascade. ([indianexpress.com](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachals-upper-subansiri-project-gets-green-nod-recommendation-1-35-lakh-trees-at-risk-10893789/lite/))

    GS-IGS-III

  76. Monday 28 September · International Relations

    India–US talks focus on new Russia-Iran sanctions law, energy security and freedom of navigation

    Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met a bipartisan US Congressional delegation amid concerns over the impact of the newly enacted Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act on India’s energy and strategic interests.

    • The Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act became Public Law 119-111 on September 18, 2026.
    • Section 113 concerns duties on countries purchasing Russian-origin crude oil or natural gas or facilitating sanctions evasion.
    • Section 201 of the 2026 Act extends the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, linking Russia-related and Iran-related measures.

    GS-IIGS-III

  77. Monday 28 September · Science and Technology

    Government backs 210 nanomedicine R&D projects with ₹174 crore at World Congress on Nanomedicine

    The Department of Biotechnology’s support for 210 nanomedicine projects highlights India’s push towards precision medicine, targeted drug delivery and indigenous healthcare innovation.

    • The Department of Biotechnology is supporting 210 nanomedicine research and development projects with ₹174 crore, announced September 27, 2026.
    • Nanotechnology generally concerns materials below 100 nanometres; one nanometre equals one-billionth of a metre.
    • The World Congress on Nanomedicine 2026 was held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, on September 27, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  78. Monday 28 September · Science & Technology

    India flags off its first LNG-powered train from Sabarmati, piloting diesel–LNG dual-fuel rail transport

    The initiative tests LNG as a transitional alternative fuel for railways while targeting lower diesel consumption, emissions and fuel costs.

    • LNG means natural gas cooled until liquid, reducing its volume and enabling storage and transport in specialised tanks.
    • India’s first LNG-powered train was flagged off from Sabarmati Railway Station, Ahmedabad, on September 27, 2026. ([amitshah.co.in](https://amitshah.co.in/post/press/Union-Home-Minister-and-Minister-of-Cooperation-Shri-Amit-Shah-inaugurates-development-projects-worth-%E2%82%B91472-crore-and-flagged-off-the-countrys-first-LNGpowered-train-from-Sabarmati-Railway-St))
    • The train uses diesel–LNG dual-fuel propulsion and can switch between the two fuels during operations. ([amitshah.co.in](https://amitshah.co.in/post/press/Union-Home-Minister-and-Minister-of-Cooperation-Shri-Amit-Shah-inaugurates-development-projects-worth-%E2%82%B91472-crore-and-flagged-off-the-countrys-first-LNGpowered-train-from-Sabarmati-Railway-St))

    GS-III

  79. Monday 28 September · International Relations and Defence

    India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties

    The two countries expanded cooperation in military training, exercises, peacekeeping, medical support and defence-industrial collaboration.

    • The second India–Ethiopia Joint Defence Cooperation meeting was held in Addis Ababa on September 28, 2026. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The Defence Cooperation Memorandum of Understanding between India and Ethiopia was signed in February 2025. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))
    • The first Joint Defence Cooperation meeting under this framework took place in New Delhi in October 2025. ([pib.gov.in](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2316086&lang=1&reg=3))

    GS-IIGS-III

  80. Tuesday 29 September · Economy

    Supreme Court declines interim stay on 0.4% MDR for specified UPI payments above ₹2,000

    The Court allowed the new merchant-discount framework to proceed from October 15 while seeking counter-affidavits from the Centre and other respondents.

    • Merchant Discount Rate is a payment-ecosystem charge, not a tax collected by the government or the National Payments Corporation of India.
    • All person-to-person UPI transactions remain free under the September 2026 government clarification, irrespective of amount.
    • Specified person-to-merchant UPI payments above ₹2,000 attract 0.4% Merchant Discount Rate from October 15, 2026.

    GS-IIGS-III

  81. Tuesday 29 September · Economy

    India’s industrial output grows 8% in August 2026 under the new 2022–23 IIP base year

    August industrial production accelerated to 8%, led by manufacturing and electricity, while mining contracted and July growth was revised upward.

    • The current Indian IIP series uses 2022–23 as its base year and assigns the base-year index a value of 100. Source: MoSPI, 2026.
    • Under the 2022–23 series, manufacturing carries 76.062% weight, mining 11.053%, electricity and gas 10.865%. Source: MoSPI, 2026.
    • August 2026 IIP grew 8% year-on-year; manufacturing rose 9%, electricity and gas 12.3%, and mining fell 5.6%. Source: PIB, 2026.

    GS-III

  82. Wednesday 30 September · Environment

    India issues first PRAMAAN certificates under the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme

    The inaugural certifications mark the operational rollout of India’s voluntary framework for sustainable forest management and traceable wood and bamboo supply chains.

    • PRAMAAN is the brand name of India’s Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme, launched by MoEFCC in December 2023.
    • India’s first PRAMAAN certificates were handed over on September 29, 2026, to Andhra Pradesh and Odisha recipients.
    • The Andhra Pradesh Forest Development Corporation certificate covered plantations of approximately 33,000 hectares.

    GS-III

  83. Wednesday 30 September · Defence and International Relations

    Navy’s 2026 Commanders’ Conference sets focus on maritime surveillance, grey-zone threats and 18-warship induction

    India outlined a stronger Indian Ocean security posture, linking blue-water capability and sea-lane protection with energy security and indigenous defence production.

    • The second Indian Navy Commanders’ Conference 2026 was held at Nausena Bhawan, New Delhi, from 29 September to 1 October 2026.
    • The Defence Minister identified congestion, deception and grey-zone activities as major contemporary maritime-security challenges in 2026.
    • The Navy plans to induct or commission 18 warships in 2026, described as its largest single-year force accretion.

    GS-IIGS-III

  84. Wednesday 30 September · Science & Technology

    RDI Fund rollout stalls as Technology Development Board pauses fresh deep-tech funding applications

    The Technology Development Board has stopped inviting new applications after its first funding round, reportedly because the promised Research, Development and Innovation Fund allocation is yet to arrive.

    • The Research, Development and Innovation Scheme was approved by the Union Cabinet on 1 July 2025 with ₹1 lakh crore over six years.
    • The Technology Development Board is a statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology.
    • The Technology Development Board received ₹2,000 crore and offered ₹2,192 crore in soft loans to 22 companies.

    GS-IIIGS-IV

  85. Wednesday 30 September · Environment

    NGT forms four-member committee to investigate encroachments and illegal salt pans at Sambhar Lake

    The National Green Tribunal ordered an on-ground inspection of Rajasthan’s Sambhar Lake following allegations of encroachment, unauthorised salt production, groundwater extraction and disruption of natural inflows.

    • Sambhar Lake is Ramsar Site No. 464, designated on March 23, 1990, with an area of about 24,000 hectares. ([rsis.ramsar.org](https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • Sambhar is a large, shallow inland saline wetland in Rajasthan, fed by seasonal rivers and streams and supporting wintering waterbirds. ([rsis.ramsar.org](https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf?utm_source=openai))
    • The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 requires the Tribunal to apply sustainable development, precautionary principle and polluter pays principle. ([indiacode.nic.in](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2025/1/AA2010__19green.pdf?utm_source=openai))

    GS-IIGS-III

Mains questions

  1. Discuss the significance of rising investment and manufacturing growth for India's ambition of achieving sustained high economic growth. India’s real GDP grows 7.8% in Q1 FY2026–27, exceeding RBI projections
  2. What are the difficulties in maintaining price stability while supporting economic growth in India? India’s real GDP grows 7.8% in Q1 FY2026–27, exceeding RBI projections
  3. Explain how changes in national-income accounting methodology can affect the interpretation of India's growth performance. India’s real GDP grows 7.8% in Q1 FY2026–27, exceeding RBI projections
  4. Water disputes in India are as much about governance as scarcity. Examine. Bihar and Jharkhand sign MoU to resolve long-standing Sone River water-sharing dispute
  5. Discuss the significance of the southwest monsoon for India’s agricultural economy and examine the consequences of its increasing variability. IMD forecasts below-normal rainfall for September after August becomes India’s warmest on record
  6. How can India reconcile agricultural growth with growing water stress and uncertain rainfall? IMD forecasts below-normal rainfall for September after August becomes India’s warmest on record
  7. Artificial intelligence challenges the human-centred foundations of intellectual property law. Discuss with reference to the DABUS ruling. India’s Copyright Office rejects DABUS as an AI author but recognises originality of the generated artwork
  8. Examine the strategic, developmental and ecological implications of hydropower projects on transboundary rivers. Permanent Court of Arbitration rules India’s ‘abeyance’ of Indus Waters Treaty impermissible; New Delhi rejects award
  9. Explain how semiconductor manufacturing has become an issue of economic security and national security for India. India issues notifications for all six pillars of Semicon 2.0 to build an end-to-end semiconductor ecosystem
  10. Discuss the opportunities and challenges in making India a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing. India issues notifications for all six pillars of Semicon 2.0 to build an end-to-end semiconductor ecosystem
  11. Technology can improve water governance, but cannot substitute for institutions. Examine in the context of Artificial Intelligence-enabled water data. National Water Summit calls for AI-enabled water data governance and time-bound Centre–State action
  12. Why must drinking-water policy move from infrastructure creation to source sustainability and lifecycle management? Discuss. National Water Summit calls for AI-enabled water data governance and time-bound Centre–State action
  13. Trade facilitation is as important as trade agreements. Examine this statement with reference to India–Afghanistan economic relations. India–Afghanistan Joint Working Group reviews customs, trader visas, banking and Chabahar-linked trade connectivity
  14. India’s renewable-energy challenge has shifted from generation scarcity to grid integration. Discuss. India curtails nearly 11 TWh of solar generation as grid and storage bottlenecks deepen
  15. What measures are required to ensure that India’s clean-energy transition is reliable, affordable and environmentally sustainable? India curtails nearly 11 TWh of solar generation as grid and storage bottlenecks deepen
  16. How do recurrent climate phenomena such as El Niño interact with anthropogenic climate change to intensify disasters? WMO warns of a very strong El Niño persisting through February 2027
  17. Discuss the significance of seasonal climate forecasting for disaster management and agricultural resilience in India. WMO warns of a very strong El Niño persisting through February 2027
  18. How can India achieve green growth while ensuring energy security and strategic control over critical minerals? India and Belgium agree to deepen defence, clean-energy, critical-minerals and semiconductor cooperation
  19. Discuss the role of space technology in strengthening disaster management and climate-resilient governance in India. ISRO successfully launches EOS-05 aboard GSLV-F17, placing India’s first geostationary imaging satellite in orbit
  20. How can India balance strategic autonomy in space with wider civilian and scientific access to satellite data? ISRO successfully launches EOS-05 aboard GSLV-F17, placing India’s first geostationary imaging satellite in orbit
  21. India’s defence exports can serve both economic and strategic objectives. Examine the opportunities and challenges. Defence Minister releases ‘RAKSHA’, India’s 10-year roadmap for defence diplomacy
  22. Why do Himalayan disasters require transboundary disaster-management institutions rather than isolated national responses? India rescues 166 nationals from Nepal floods; 275 Indians remain missing, MEA says
  23. Climate change is turning Himalayan cryospheric changes into a disaster-governance challenge. Discuss. Union Home Secretary reviews Himalayan States’ preparedness for GLOFs and snow avalanches
  24. Preparedness is more important than post-disaster relief in reducing disaster losses. Examine with reference to GLOFs and snow avalanches. Union Home Secretary reviews Himalayan States’ preparedness for GLOFs and snow avalanches
  25. How can India prevent transshipment and still remain an attractive manufacturing and logistics hub? India sets preferential-tariff condition for finalising proposed trade agreement with the United States
  26. Energy security is not only a question of resource availability but also of logistics and institutional coordination. Discuss. Coal India offers additional coal and road transport as 57 thermal plants report critically low stocks
  27. India’s coal dependence is both a reliability necessity and an environmental challenge. Examine. Coal India offers additional coal and road transport as 57 thermal plants report critically low stocks
  28. Discuss the role of public-sector enterprises in securing strategic resources while enabling economic transition. Coal India offers additional coal and road transport as 57 thermal plants report critically low stocks
  29. Examine the strategic significance of the eastern sector in India’s security environment. India–China to hold Corps Commander-level talks in the Northeast amid renewed border-management efforts
  30. Discuss how Access and Benefit-Sharing can reconcile biodiversity conservation, commercial innovation and community livelihoods in India. National Biodiversity Authority crosses ₹200 crore in Access and Benefit-Sharing disbursements
  31. Drug trafficking is no longer merely a law-and-order issue. Discuss its internal-security, economic and social dimensions. Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’
  32. Can technology and financial intelligence transform India’s fight against organised narcotics networks? Examine. Amit Shah unveils July 2026–July 2029 roadmap to make India ‘drug-free’
  33. Examine how development projects in fragile Himalayan ecosystems can generate transboundary environmental and disaster risks. China continues Yarlung Zangbo mega-dam project despite renewed seismic, ecological and downstream concerns
  34. What are the opportunities and challenges of private-sector participation in India’s space sector? ISRO rejects privatisation claims after nine employee associations seek clarity on transfer of core functions
  35. India’s space reforms seek to balance public purpose with commercial efficiency. Discuss. ISRO rejects privatisation claims after nine employee associations seek clarity on transfer of core functions
  36. GST rate rationalisation is necessary but insufficient for improving ease of doing business. Examine. 57th GST Council meeting rescheduled to October 7, with focus on input-tax credit and litigation reforms
  37. How can India balance prevention of GST evasion with protection of bona fide taxpayers? 57th GST Council meeting rescheduled to October 7, with focus on input-tax credit and litigation reforms
  38. Science and technology innovations often fail to move from the laboratory to the marketplace. Examine the reasons and suggest measures. RISE Conclave 2026 records eight MoUs and four technology transfers to accelerate lab-to-market innovation
  39. Critical minerals are central to India’s industrial and strategic future, but their extraction creates environmental challenges. Discuss. RISE Conclave 2026 records eight MoUs and four technology transfers to accelerate lab-to-market innovation
  40. How can carbon border adjustment measures reshape India’s trade competitiveness and climate policy? Discuss. UK recognises India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for carbon-price relief under its CBAM
  41. Explain the institutional architecture and significance of India’s emerging carbon market. UK recognises India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme for carbon-price relief under its CBAM
  42. Examine how defence indigenisation can strengthen both national security and economic development in India. Defence Acquisition Council grants in-principle approval for ₹1.10 lakh crore of military procurement
  43. Modern defence preparedness requires integration of platforms, sensors, propulsion and secure access systems. Discuss. Defence Acquisition Council grants in-principle approval for ₹1.10 lakh crore of military procurement
  44. India aspires to become a global leader in 6G by 2030. Examine the opportunities and challenges involved. India joins US-led initiative with 24 other countries to shape next-generation 6G networks
  45. Skill development programmes often suffer from a mismatch between training and employment. Examine how PM-SETU seeks to address this problem. PM-SETU approves over ₹735 crore for ITI clusters in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana
  46. How can public-private partnerships accelerate India’s transition towards reliable renewable energy? ADB signs first transaction-advisory agreement in India to structure Madhya Pradesh renewable-energy PPPs
  47. Renewable-energy expansion requires storage and grid reform, not merely additional generation capacity. Examine. ADB signs first transaction-advisory agreement in India to structure Madhya Pradesh renewable-energy PPPs
  48. How do bilateral military exercises contribute to India’s defence preparedness and foreign policy objectives? India and Japan begin Veer Guardian 2026 air exercise featuring IAF Rafale, Su-30MKI and Tejas
  49. Discuss the significance of aerospace safety and professional exchanges in modern air-power cooperation. India and Japan begin Veer Guardian 2026 air exercise featuring IAF Rafale, Su-30MKI and Tejas
  50. What are the advantages and limitations of earmarked taxation through cesses in India? PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds
  51. Discuss how public finance management can improve the effectiveness of social-sector spending in India. PAC examines ₹9,222 crore short-transfer of cess collections to designated reserve funds
  52. Discuss how ocean science and technology can strengthen India’s Blue Economy while ensuring ecological sustainability. India launches indigenous ORV Sagar Manthan under the Deep Ocean Mission
  53. Explain the significance of indigenous technological capability in ocean exploration for India’s strategic autonomy. India launches indigenous ORV Sagar Manthan under the Deep Ocean Mission
  54. India’s human-spaceflight programme is not merely a prestige project but a platform for technological and strategic transformation. Discuss. PM Modi sets 2035 target for Indian space station and 2040 target for an Indian Moon mission
  55. Economic resilience requires cooperation beyond national borders. Discuss the relevance of India’s BRICS 2026 agenda. India’s BRICS 2026 chairship moves into summit phase ahead of the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
  56. Consumer protection in the digital economy requires regulation of both products and interfaces. Examine. India notifies Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Amendment Rules, 2026; dark-pattern audits and price-transparency norms mandated
  57. How can a regional conflict in West Asia transmit inflationary pressures to India? Examine the channels and suggest policy responses. Iran–US attacks on commercial shipping trigger a fresh escalation around the Strait of Hormuz and push Brent crude above $100
  58. Discuss how free trade agreements can promote India’s export competitiveness while creating adjustment pressures for domestic producers. European Commission sends India–EU Free Trade Agreement to Council for signature and conclusion
  59. Economic interdependence between India and China has not eliminated strategic rivalry. Explain. Modi-Xi meeting on September 12 signals a cautious India-China reset, with focus on stabilising ties and expanding cooperation
  60. Flood management in India must move from relief-centric administration to risk reduction. Examine. Bihar floods affect 47.92 lakh people across 15 districts as several rivers remain above danger levels
  61. Industrial exhibitions such as INNOPROM can strengthen India’s economic diplomacy. Examine. Modi-Putin BRICS sidelines meeting reviews cooperation in defence, energy, space and critical sectors
  62. Wildlife trafficking is both an environmental offence and an organised crime. Examine. Indonesia begins preparations to repatriate five baby orangutans rescued in Odisha amid suspected trafficking probe
  63. How can scientific tools improve wildlife conservation and environmental law enforcement? Indonesia begins preparations to repatriate five baby orangutans rescued in Odisha amid suspected trafficking probe
  64. Maritime security is inseparable from India’s internal security. Examine. Colombo Security Conclave table-top exercise concludes in Visakhapatnam, strengthening coordinated maritime responses in the Indian Ocean
  65. How can science and technology convert industrial waste into an instrument of sustainable infrastructure development? Discuss with reference to steel-slag roads. India records Guinness World Record for longest steel-slag road in Chhattisgarh, advancing waste-to-wealth infrastructure technology
  66. What institutional arrangements are required to scale indigenous research from pilot projects to mainstream public infrastructure? India records Guinness World Record for longest steel-slag road in Chhattisgarh, advancing waste-to-wealth infrastructure technology
  67. What is the rationale for scale-based regulation of non-banking financial companies in India? Discuss with reference to the Tata Sons case. RBI rejects Tata Sons’ request to surrender NBFC registration, keeping pressure on the group to comply with upper-layer NBFC rules
  68. How can science and technology contribute to the conservation of indigenous cattle breeds in India? OPU-IVF technology produces a Badri calf from a Sahiwal surrogate in Uttarakhand
  69. Discuss the role of livestock biotechnology in enhancing farmers’ incomes and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. OPU-IVF technology produces a Badri calf from a Sahiwal surrogate in Uttarakhand
  70. Discuss the significance and limitations of provident-fund-based social security in addressing India’s ageing and employment challenges. Cabinet raises EPFO mandatory-coverage wage ceiling from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000, effective September 17, 2026
  71. Examine the opportunities and limitations of voluntary net-zero commitments by non-state actors in India. India launches Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard to track climate commitments and mission progress
  72. Examine the economic implications for India of external sanctions and tariff pressure linked to crude-oil imports. US Congress clears Russia sanctions bill giving Trump power to impose tariffs of up to 100% on major Russian-energy buyers, including India
  73. India’s semiconductor mission must move from attracting fabs to building an integrated ecosystem. Discuss. SEMICON India 2026 launches Semicon 2.0 as India moves from semiconductor policy to commercial production
  74. How can India balance industrial growth with environmental sustainability in resource-intensive high-technology manufacturing? SEMICON India 2026 launches Semicon 2.0 as India moves from semiconductor policy to commercial production
  75. Tax administration must move from coercion to trust without sacrificing compliance. Examine this statement in light of the amended Rule 225. CBDT removes arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods
  76. Examine the institutional importance of professional valuers and authorised tax practitioners in modern tax administration. CBDT removes arrest and civil imprisonment from prescribed tax-recovery methods
  77. Discuss the ecological and administrative challenges of reintroducing an extinct species into its historical range in India. India’s cheetah population rises to 56 as an India-born female gives birth to four cubs at Kuno
  78. Project Cheetah is not merely a species-reintroduction programme but an ecosystem-restoration initiative. Examine. India’s cheetah population rises to 56 as an India-born female gives birth to four cubs at Kuno
  79. How can India reconcile wildlife conservation with the rights and livelihoods of local communities? India’s cheetah population rises to 56 as an India-born female gives birth to four cubs at Kuno
  80. Climate change is a question of justice, not merely environmental management. Examine. NGT climate conference launches mobile application and foregrounds climate justice, environmental jurisprudence
  81. Discuss how indigenous defence production can strengthen India’s maritime security and strategic autonomy. Keel laid for Indian Navy’s first Next Generation Missile Vessel at Cochin Shipyard
  82. What are the opportunities and challenges of India’s emerging defence shipbuilding ecosystem? Keel laid for Indian Navy’s first Next Generation Missile Vessel at Cochin Shipyard
  83. India’s maritime security requires both advanced technology and professional human judgment. Discuss. India rejects Pakistan’s account after INS Kolkata–PNS Hunain collision, citing violation of maritime norms
  84. External debt and foreign-exchange constraints can convert an economic problem into a strategic problem. Examine in the context of the Maldives. Maldives fully repays India-backed USD 150 million Treasury-bill facility after final USD 50 million tranche
  85. How can India shift from disaster response to disaster-risk reduction in the context of recurring coastal weather hazards? IMD forecasts well-marked Bay of Bengal low-pressure system to intensify into depression and deep depression within 48 hours
  86. Early-warning systems are effective only when warnings become local action. Examine. IMD forecasts well-marked Bay of Bengal low-pressure system to intensify into depression and deep depression within 48 hours
  87. What are the opportunities and challenges for India in integrating with emerging global value chains? India’s exports to core BRICS economies rise 34% to USD 19.9 billion during April–August
  88. How can India balance trade diversification with economic security in an uncertain geopolitical environment? India’s exports to core BRICS economies rise 34% to USD 19.9 billion during April–August
  89. Discuss how free trade agreements can promote India’s export competitiveness while protecting vulnerable domestic sectors. India–New Zealand FTA ratified; agreement to enter into force on October 20, 2026
  90. How can India ensure that trade liberalisation generates inclusive employment rather than concentrated gains? India–New Zealand FTA ratified; agreement to enter into force on October 20, 2026
  91. India’s nuclear-energy programme is central to its energy security and climate goals. Discuss. NPCIL begins fuel loading at RAPP-8, advancing India’s indigenous 700 MWe nuclear programme
  92. Explain the significance of indigenous technology and standardisation in India’s nuclear-power sector. NPCIL begins fuel loading at RAPP-8, advancing India’s indigenous 700 MWe nuclear programme
  93. Examine the role of technology in strengthening public-health surveillance in India. India launches 7th National Formulary of India 2026 and approves biovigilance programme for transplant-related adverse events
  94. How can India achieve water security while balancing competing demands of agriculture, cities, industry and ecological sustainability? 9th India International Water Week begins with focus on climate-resilient water management and global cooperation
  95. Discuss the significance of critical minerals for India’s energy transition and strategic autonomy. What policy measures are required to secure their supply chains? Mines Ministry to launch incentive scheme for domestic lithium and nickel processing
  96. Value addition in mineral resources is essential for inclusive and sustainable industrialisation. Examine in the context of lithium and nickel processing. Mines Ministry to launch incentive scheme for domestic lithium and nickel processing
  97. How can a circular economy reduce India’s dependence on imported critical minerals? Mines Ministry to launch incentive scheme for domestic lithium and nickel processing
  98. Regional connectivity is essential for inclusive growth, but connectivity infrastructure must also be financially sustainable. Discuss with reference to UDAN. Next phase of UDAN launched with 21 Centre–State MoUs and Challenge Mode for aerodrome development
  99. Discuss how public policy can promote indigenous manufacturing while expanding infrastructure access. Next phase of UDAN launched with 21 Centre–State MoUs and Challenge Mode for aerodrome development
  100. Explain the opportunities and risks of data-driven tax administration in India. India-led BRICS tax track establishes new working groups on international taxation and revenue statistics
  101. What is transfer pricing? Examine its significance for taxation of multinational business and developing economies. India-led BRICS tax track establishes new working groups on international taxation and revenue statistics
  102. Discuss how indigenous defence production can strengthen India’s strategic autonomy. Examine the limitations of measuring self-reliance only through indigenous content. MoD signs Rs 810.79-crore contract with BDL for 160 indigenous Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons
  103. Precision-guided weapons are transforming modern warfare. Discuss their technological advantages and ethical risks. MoD signs Rs 810.79-crore contract with BDL for 160 indigenous Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons
  104. Examine the role of public sector defence enterprises in translating indigenous research into military capability. MoD signs Rs 810.79-crore contract with BDL for 160 indigenous Satellite Smart Anti-Airfield Weapons
  105. India’s electricity transition requires a shift from capacity addition to grid flexibility and distribution reform. Discuss. Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028
  106. How can smart meters contribute to both financial viability of distribution utilities and cybersecurity of India’s power sector? Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028
  107. Large electricity consumers such as data centres and green-hydrogen facilities should bear greater responsibility for grid stability. Examine. Power Ministry sends draft National Electricity Policy 2026 to Cabinet; domestic smart-meter chips targeted by mid-2028
  108. What is the significance of naval interoperability for India's maritime security? Discuss with reference to bilateral exercises. INS Trishul reaches Toulon for the 24th India-France bilateral naval exercise Varuna
  109. How can India balance food-inflation management with the objective of reducing edible-oil import dependence? Government cuts basic customs duty on crude edible oils to curb food inflation
  110. Discuss the role of customs-duty rationalisation in managing imported inflation in India. Government cuts basic customs duty on crude edible oils to curb food inflation
  111. Examine the significance of maintaining a differential between crude and refined edible-oil imports. Government cuts basic customs duty on crude edible oils to curb food inflation
  112. Discuss how financial-market regulators can balance ease of doing business with investor protection. SEBI approves new settlement framework, overhauls portfolio-manager rules and widens FPI access to commodity derivatives
  113. Explain the significance of settlement mechanisms in improving the efficiency and credibility of securities-market enforcement. SEBI approves new settlement framework, overhauls portfolio-manager rules and widens FPI access to commodity derivatives
  114. Foreign capital can deepen markets but may also increase financial vulnerability. Examine. SEBI approves new settlement framework, overhauls portfolio-manager rules and widens FPI access to commodity derivatives
  115. Discuss how strategic public investment in enabling infrastructure can accelerate India’s quantum technology ecosystem. DRDO signs first high-value TDF start-up agreement to develop indigenous 20-millikelvin dilution refrigerator for quantum applications
  116. Technology self-reliance does not mean technological isolation. Examine in the context of India’s quantum ambitions. DRDO signs first high-value TDF start-up agreement to develop indigenous 20-millikelvin dilution refrigerator for quantum applications
  117. Evaluate the role of defence research institutions in promoting civilian technological innovation. DRDO signs first high-value TDF start-up agreement to develop indigenous 20-millikelvin dilution refrigerator for quantum applications
  118. What are the major challenges faced by MSMEs in India? Discuss how digital invoice financing can address the problem of working capital. CGTMSE guarantee cover goes live on TReDS to ease MSME working-capital constraints
  119. Examine the role of credit guarantees in promoting financial inclusion and entrepreneurship in India. CGTMSE guarantee cover goes live on TReDS to ease MSME working-capital constraints
  120. Conservation of the tiger cannot be separated from conservation of its habitat and human communities. Discuss. Sixth national tiger-reserve evaluation cycle begins with solid-waste management added as a separate criterion
  121. How can management-effectiveness evaluation improve environmental governance in India? Sixth national tiger-reserve evaluation cycle begins with solid-waste management added as a separate criterion
  122. Discuss the potential of green fuels to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors such as international shipping. Evaluate India’s e-methanol initiative. Foundation stone laid for India’s first port-based e-methanol plant at Kandla
  123. Port-led development is increasingly becoming a platform for green industrialisation. Examine with reference to the Kandla e-methanol project. Foundation stone laid for India’s first port-based e-methanol plant at Kandla
  124. Security measures alone cannot resolve insurgency in the Northeast. Discuss the need for a multidimensional approach. Centre extends AFSPA for six months in Manipur, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh from October 1
  125. Developmental projects in ecologically fragile regions require more than statutory clearance. Discuss with reference to the Upper Subansiri project. Environment panel recommends clearance for Arunachal Pradesh’s 1,605-MW Upper Subansiri hydropower project despite major forest-diversion concerns
  126. Discuss the significance of cumulative-impact assessment in Himalayan river-valley projects. Environment panel recommends clearance for Arunachal Pradesh’s 1,605-MW Upper Subansiri hydropower project despite major forest-diversion concerns
  127. Discuss the challenges before India in ensuring energy security amid geopolitical conflicts and sanctions. India–US talks focus on new Russia-Iran sanctions law, energy security and freedom of navigation
  128. What is nanomedicine? Discuss its potential to transform precision healthcare in India and examine the associated regulatory challenges. Government backs 210 nanomedicine R&D projects with ₹174 crore at World Congress on Nanomedicine
  129. How can alternative fuels contribute to India’s energy security and railway decarbonisation? India flags off its first LNG-powered train from Sabarmati, piloting diesel–LNG dual-fuel rail transport
  130. Critically examine whether LNG-powered trains are a sustainable alternative to railway electrification. India flags off its first LNG-powered train from Sabarmati, piloting diesel–LNG dual-fuel rail transport
  131. How can defence diplomacy contribute to India’s strategic autonomy and defence-industrial development? Discuss in the context of India–Ethiopia cooperation. India and Ethiopia hold their second Joint Defence Cooperation meeting and agree to deepen strategic defence ties
  132. Discuss how India can balance affordable digital payments with the financial sustainability of payment infrastructure. Supreme Court declines interim stay on 0.4% MDR for specified UPI payments above ₹2,000
  133. What are the opportunities and risks of shifting from cash-based transactions to digital payments in India? Supreme Court declines interim stay on 0.4% MDR for specified UPI payments above ₹2,000
  134. What is the significance of revising the base year of an index of industrial production? Discuss with reference to India’s 2022–23-based IIP series. India’s industrial output grows 8% in August 2026 under the new 2022–23 IIP base year
  135. Industrial growth in India is often uneven across sectors. Examine this statement in the light of the August 2026 IIP data. India’s industrial output grows 8% in August 2026 under the new 2022–23 IIP base year
  136. Discuss the importance and limitations of high-frequency economic indicators in policymaking. India’s industrial output grows 8% in August 2026 under the new 2022–23 IIP base year
  137. How can forest certification promote both sustainable forest management and livelihood security in India? India issues first PRAMAAN certificates under the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme
  138. Traceability is central to responsible forest governance. Examine the role of Chain of Custody systems in India’s wood economy. India issues first PRAMAAN certificates under the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme
  139. How do grey-zone challenges alter the requirements of modern naval power? Navy’s 2026 Commanders’ Conference sets focus on maritime surveillance, grey-zone threats and 18-warship induction
  140. Examine the role of indigenous defence production in strengthening India’s strategic autonomy. Navy’s 2026 Commanders’ Conference sets focus on maritime surveillance, grey-zone threats and 18-warship induction
  141. India’s deep-technology ambitions require institutional reform as much as financial allocation. Discuss. RDI Fund rollout stalls as Technology Development Board pauses fresh deep-tech funding applications
  142. How can India bridge the gap between publicly funded research and commercial technology deployment? RDI Fund rollout stalls as Technology Development Board pauses fresh deep-tech funding applications
  143. Discuss the ecological and governance challenges involved in conserving India’s inland wetlands. Use Sambhar Lake as an illustration. NGT forms four-member committee to investigate encroachments and illegal salt pans at Sambhar Lake
  144. Water security requires management of entire catchments rather than isolated water bodies. Discuss with reference to Sambhar Lake. NGT forms four-member committee to investigate encroachments and illegal salt pans at Sambhar Lake

Free to start

CSAT

The first chapter of every topic

Minds of Aspirantspowered by Cortex Desk